Shambhu kadlikoppa: Social Work

Social Work....

Family Functions for Socialization:-

Family means a group of people living together having blood relationship, their mentality may be same or different but they share same kitchen.
Family is the oldest institution among all institution. The family is the social institution where one can look for personal psychological peace & security.

Definition:
MacIver& pages said, "A family is a group defined by sex relation, sufficiently precise & enduring to provide for the procreation & upbringing of children".

Functions of a family:

Division of labor
Reproduction & upbringing of children
Socialization
Residence
Economic function
Social care
Regulate sex relation

Division of labor:
In a family the power must be distributed between its members according to their role & status within the family & society. It should be accepted by everyone that a female is working within the house as cooking, taking care of children, look after her husband & total family member, worship, collect firewood & drag water from well whereas a male is working for production. He is working at outside home to maintain the family.

Reproduction & upbringing of children:
The reproduction & bringing of children is one of the most important function of every Indian family. A child is the first desire of every family. So family is called as the centre of production & reproduction. As the production is essential to live a better & satisfactory life, reproduction is a basic need of every family to run a family in a better way.

Socialization:
When a baby take birth she/he observe & learn many things as morality, ethics, value of life, respect, love & affection from the family & society. Family is the oldest institution from which a child learns many things & makes a place within the family and society.

Residence:
Residence is a permanent place where a person live. A family provides residence & security to all family members. A family provides name of its own to all its member according to which one can get prestige within a family & in society.

Economic function:
A family is consists of its member whose prior function is to provide economic support to the family. The male & female both have the duty to provide minimum finance to the family.

Social care:
Family is consisting of its members who have blood relationship & who are a part of society. Who learn how to care, look-after other members within a family. They learn that things from the family & society. Giving equal status to all its members & protecting its member from insult, crisis & social problem.

Regulate sex-relation:
Family is a primary & oldest association where upbringing of children & sex relation is a primary concern. But unlike the animals human being have a limit sex relation. A family regulate the sex-relation.

Other functions as:

Biological Function
Psychological Function
Social Function
Socialization
Formation of personality trades

Laws related to Family

Constitutional provisions for Family:

Article 14: Equality before law
Article 15(3): The state, to make any special provision in favor of women & children
Article 16: Equality of opportunity relating to employment
Article 21: Right to life & personal liberty of every individual
Article 42: The state to make provisions for just & human conditions of work & maternity relief
Article 45: Free & compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years
Article 47: Raise the level of nutrition & standard of living of its people & the improvement of public health

Special plan & policies for family:

National population policy-2000
Health & family welfare policy
National rural-health mission
Universalizing ICDS
Major initiatives like Asha
Jananisurakshayojana
Formation of Family Counseling Centre
Short stay home

Laws related to Family

Constitutional provisions for Family:

Article 14: Equality before law
Article 15(3): The state, to make any special provision in favour of women & children
Article 16: Equality of opportunity relating to employment
Article 21: Right to life & personal liberty of every individual
Article 42: The state to make provisions for just & human conditions of work & maternity relief
Article 45: Free & compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years
Article 47: Raise the level of nutrition & standard of living of its people & the improvement of public health

Special plan & policies for family:

National population policy-2000
Health & family welfare policy
National rural-health mission
Universalizing ICDS
Major initiatives like Asha
Jananisurakshayojana
Formation of Family Counseling Centre
Short stay home

The Concept of Civil Society

In 1994, CIVICUS noted the potential civil society offered to citizens world wide to promote a better future
In the year 1999, is a time to celebrate the growth of civil society globally and a time to reflect on its future development
The 1999 civicus world assembly provides forum for its members and partners to assess civil societies previous progress, to chart its future direction and to begin formulating appropriate strategies for achieving shared objectives
To understand civil society and particularly what needs strengthening and how to go about doing it requires identifying its principal functions as the first step in defining what a strong and healthy civil society might look like and the role of public actor in the promotion of sustainable Human Development in the local, national and global level says about the strengthening of civil society.

Crime identified under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)

Rape (Section 376 IPC)
Kidnapping and Abduction for different purposes (Section 363, 373 IPC)
Homicide for Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Section 302/304)
Torture, both mental and physical (Section 498- IPC)
Molestation (Section 354 IPC)
Sexual harassment (Section 509 IPC)
Importation of girls (upto 21 years of age) (section 366-B IPC)

The promises of Civil Society

To solve the major problems
Its role in eradicating poverty
Promoting democracy & good governance
Resolving social conflict
Protecting Human Rights
Participating with the Governments in discussions dealing with the social, economic & environmental problems of the society
Thereby inspired by the associations the people & communities living more democratic form of governance
Improved social & economic welfare in their wake
The idea & promise of civil society lies as much in its potential as it does in the very real achievements that it has produced to date
Building of healthy public law
Promotion of sustainable human development
Improve human condition

Rural & Urban Community

Community means, a group of people living together, sharing common interest, having sense of belongingness. Community life depends upon some kinds of face to face communication/interaction among the members.

Elements of Community:

A group of people
Specific locality
Community sentiments
Natural
Likeness
Wider ends
Particular name
No legal status
Size

Types of Community:

Rural Community
Urban Community

1. Rural Community:
Rural Community means a group of rural people, having belongingness, sharing their emotions living in a specific locality within a village.
Rural Community is consists of rural people who are generally depends on agriculture.

Objectives of Rural Community:

To improve the living standards by providing food, shelter, clothing, employment and education
To increase productivity in Rural areas and reduce poverty
To involve people in planning and development through decentralization of administration
To ensure distributive justice and equalization of opportunities in the society

Characteristics of Rural Community:

Rural Community is mainly depends on agriculture
Rural communities are relatively more homogeneous
Relationships are not means to end type
It have their own culture and tradition
There have limited jobs
Depends on internal/natural resources
Rural Community is regulated by village Panch

2.Urban Community:
Urban Community means a group of people, having belongingness, sharing their emotion, live in a particular area in city.

Objectives of Urban Community:

To improve adequate support service to the slum dwellers
To reduce the ecological breakdown
To organize family welfare programmes to control population growth
To make plans for reduction of chronic diseases as HIV/AIDS, TB and Laprosy etc.

Characteristics of Urban Community:

Large in size
High density of population
Diversification of occupation
It have larger area for interaction
Relationships are means to end types
Migration of people from rural area
Development of Slums
Faster growth of population

Tribal Culture & Its dimension

Introduction:
Culture is a way of life. It is a never ending process. It's called as an overflowing process. Like the culture of other Community, tribal people have also their own unique culture which is totally different from the non-tribal culture. Tribal culture has various dimensions. These are as follows:

Dimensions of Tribal Culture:

Social dimension
Political dimension
Religious dimension
Economic dimension

1. Social dimension:

Social dimension means the social life of the Tribals. Man is a social animal. As living within the Society they have so many aspects related to their life.These are:-

a. Family life

b. Youth dormitory

c. Marriage alliance

d. Art & Craft Literature

a. Family life

There have four types of Family in a Tribal culture As-

Simple family
Joint family
Patriarchal Family
Matriarchal family

Simple family: Simple family is called as the nucleus family. These types of family believes in Monogamy that means one husband-one wife principle.

Joint family: Some types of tribal people practices Poligamous. That means one husband-more wife or one wife more husband. We found that types of practice in Naga, Santal, Ho etc.

Patriarchal family: In a patriarchal family Father is the house holder. Mainly in the Patriarchal family father dominate the other family members.

Matriarchal family: It's mainly mother dominated family where mother is the head of the house hold.

b.Youth dormitory:

Youth dormitory or the Bachelor Hall of the Tribals called as "Gotul". Bhuyans called it as DhngraBassa. It's the centre of music, dance, learning. It's a social & cultural Institution.

Surprising aspect of Tribal culture is Gotul where the senior girls teach the Junior boys about Sex relation. The young boy & girls are follow to stay & get training from that Institution. It's a romantic & neurotic. It's either monosexual or bi-sexual in nature.

c. Marriage alliance:

Marriage is a Social Institution of the Tribals. They practice so many types of maarriage as

Monogamy
Polygamy

Monogamy is a marriage where one man can marry only one woman. Polygamy is a type of marriage where one husband or wife can marry more than one. They also practice other types of marriages as

Marriage by capture
Marriage by exchange
marriage by purchase
Marriage by mutual choice
Marriage by probation
Marriage by Instrusion

They have also Divorce system. Its common among the Tribals because marriage is mainly between a young boy with a senior girl.

Life style of Tribals:Every man have some needs. We can classify our needs in 3 categories because of living as

Necessary
Comfort
Luxury

Comfort & Luxury are only for the rich & non tribals. But for the tribals comfort & luxury are seems as dream. They have only necessities.

Art & Craft Literature:

Generally Tribals are practice four types of Arts as plastic art, Graphic, art of dancing & oral Literature.They are expert in made the Image of God, heads of Elephants,Tigers made up clay, wood and stones.They paint their walls of their honourable dead persons, ancestral spirit, birds, trees and animals.They made hair pins, ornaments made up Bamboo and stone, coper, straw & graphs. Tribal art is very simple and easy to understand.They perform various types of Dance, Songs and Music. They use the musical Instruments as Droms, Pipe, Flute, Parta and Mrudanga. They practice nonsense rhymes, epics, marriage and hunting songs.

Language: Mainly the Tribals are use two types of Language as Ostrich and Dravidian.

2. Political dimension:

The Tribals formulate their own political organization. They have simple political organization and customary laws.

Simple political organization:Tribals are formulate their own political organization which is very simple in nature. A village leader commands and promote that organization and give punishment or award to the villagers. All give respect to the aged and elder persons of the village.

Customary laws: Generally the Tribals don't obey the constitutionary laws, rules and regulation prescribed by our constitution. They believe in their own customary laws. They govern by their own customs and traditions formulated by their community. They always challenge our system of jurisprudence as a result they suffer a lot.

3. Religious dimension:

Tribals have their own religion dominated by Sarsori, legend and magical power. Tribal religion can found in two forms as 1.Animism 2.Shamanism

Animism: The Tribal people believes that all the natural calamities, diseases and human sufferings are due to the influence of ghostly spirit and super natural powers. Every man is surrounded by that spirits and ancestral powers.

Shamanism: The tribals have the blind believe that all diseases, calamities, deaths and epidemics are caused by the ancestral spirits who live in mountain, river and water falls.

4. Economic dimensions:

Tribal people have simple economic habits. They are the producers and consumers. They earn income by persuing simple economic activities. Labour of the family has been distributed between the members of the family. Mainly they are engaged with farming, hunting, ethnically traders by cost, collectors of forest products and art and crafts.

Jainism in India

Jainism is a non-Brahminical religion founded as a result of revolt against the Brahmanism of the 6th century BC. Jainism became a major religion under VardhamanaMahavira was a great Kshatriya belonging to the royal families of Magadha.

He was born at Kundagrama (Vaishali), near Mauaffarpur in Bihar. At the age of 30, he became an ascetic and at the age of 42 he attained perfect knowledge-'Kaivalya'. He conquered misery and happiness and came to be known as 'Jina' (the conqueror). He died at the age of 72 in 468 BC.

Doctrine of Mahavira:

Attainment of Nirvana
Belief in Ahimsa or non-violence
Belief in Karma

1. Attainment of Nirvana (release from birth) through Tri-Ratna (three jewels) consisting of

(i) Right faith

(ii) Right knowledge

(iii) Right conduct

2. Belief in Ahimsa or non-violence in world, thought or deed towards all living beings.

3. Belief in Karma through denying the existence of God and dismissal or ritual

Doctrine of Buddhism

Goutam Siddhartha who was Kshatriya prince of the Saka clan. He was born in 563BC(or 576 BC as is believed by some historian) at Lumbini in Nepal and was the son of Suddodhana, Raja

OfKapilavastu. He left his family at the age of 29 in search of truth (also called the great Renunciation) and wandered about for seen years.

He received enlightenment at Bodh Gaya under a Pipal tree and became the Buddha. He delivered his first sermon at Sarnath in Benaras. he spread his message for about 40 years and died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at Kushinagar in Deoria district of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Buddhism is called as the fourth greatest religion in the world originated in India. Buddhism received state patronage of kings like Ashoka the Great, and it spread to neighbouring countries like Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Japan, Vietnam,Thailand.

Doctrine of Buddhism

The Four Great Truths
The Eight-Fold Path
Belief in Nirvana
Belief in Ahimsa
Law of Karma
Existence of God

1. The Four Great Truths

The world is full of sorrow and misery
The cause of all pain and misery is desire
Pain and misery can be ended by killing or controlling desire
Desire can be controlled by following the Eight-Fold Path

2. The Eight-Fold Path consists of : Right thought, Right action, Right livelihood, Right efforts, Right speech, Right remembrance and Right concentration.
3. Belief in Nirvana when desire ceases, rebirth ceases and Nirvana is attained, i.e., freedom from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth is gained by following the eight-fold path.
4. Belief in Ahimsa is one should not cause injury to any living being, animal or man.
5. Law of Karma is man reaps the fruit of his past deeds.
6. Existence of God is Buddhism is silent about the existence of God.

Causes for the rise of Buddhism

Vedic rights had become very complicated and expensive
Domination by Brahmins who monopolized the religion
Use of difficult and outdated language in religious ceremonies

Origin of Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India was made by a Constituent Assembly which was specially convened to frame the Constitution of the country. The Constituent Assembly was set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946. The strength of the Constitution making body was to be 385 including 292 representatives drawn from the eleven Governor’s provinces of British India and 93 representatives from the Indian States.

Draft Constitution:
The Draft Constitution of India was published in February 1948. The Constitution Assembly met in November 1948 to consider the provisions of the draft clause by clause, it was completed by 17th October 1949. The Constitution Assembly again sat on 14th November

1949 for the third reading and finished it on 26th November 1949. When it was signed by 284 members of the Constituent Assembly, including the president of the Assembly Dr.Rajendra Prasad and was declared as passed.

It was historic occasion when an enormous task had been accomplished, it was no less than an achievement when Independent India had a Constitution of its own. The Constituent Assembly took 2 years 11 months and 17 days to produce the Constitution and nearly 6.4 crores rupees were spent on the preparation. The Constitution as originally adopted had 22 parts, 395 articles and 8 schedules. Though, the Constitution was ready on 26th November, 1949, and some provisions relating to citizenship, elections, provisional parliament, temporary and transitional provisions were given immediate effect. But the rest of the Constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950, because on this date in 1929, the Indian National Congress had passed a resolution under the Presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in the Lahore session demanding PurnaSwarajya from the British Government. Since that day, 26th January was being celebrated every year as "PurnaSwarajya Day" or "Republic Day".

Indian Constitution

A Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It is the basic structure which defines the powers of the state and its organs, as well as the rights and duties of the citizens.

The Constitution of India was made by a Constituent Assembly which was specially convened to frame the Constitution of the country. The Constituent Assembly was set up under the cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946.

The Salient Features of Indian Constitution

Written constitution
Largest constitution
Sovereign, Democratic, Republic
Parliamentary form of Government
Partly Unitary and Partly Federal
Partly Rigid and Partly Flexible
Fundamental rights
Fundamental Duties
Directive principles of state policy
Independent judiciary
A Secular state
Single citizenship
Universal adult Franchise
Provision of Emergency

Official language of India

Salient Features of Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution

The Indian constitution represents the vision and values of its founding fathers and is based on the social, political and economic ethos as well as, the faith and aspiration of the people. The Constitution of India was made by a Constituent Assembly which was specially convened to frame the Constitution of the country. The Constituent Assembly was set up under the cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946.

Salient Features of Indian ConstitutionWritten Constitution

Written Constitution-In a federation there should be a written Constitution. The written Constitution is very essential for a federal so that whenever there is any dispute between the federal government and the federating units, it can be use as a evidence.
Largest Constitution - In sheer physical terms our Constitution is definitely the largest, bulkiest and most detailed constitution in the World. As originally passed, it contained 395 Articles and 8 schedules.Whereas, the constitution of U.S.A. originally contained 7 Articles, Canada 147 Articles, and Australia 128 Articles.
Sovereign, Democratic & Republic
A sovereign nation is initially supreme and independent of any outside control. The word socialist aims at the establishment of an egalitarian society in India. The term 'secular' means a state which has no official religion. The best definition of Democracy was given by Abraham Lincoln that, "it is a government by the people, of the people and for the people." The word republic signifies that the Head of our state is elected and not hereditary.
Parliamentary type of Government
In a parliamentary type of government the Head of the State is nominal, whereas the Prime Minister who is the leader of the majority in the Parliament is the real executive.The Indian constitution establishes in India a parliamentary type of government on the British Model.
Partly Unitary and partly Federal
India's constitution has been variously described as quasi-federal, federal with a strong unitary or pro-centre bias, federal in structure but unitary in spirit, federal in normal times but with possibilities of being converted into a purely unitary one during emergency.
Partly Rigid & partly Flexible
There are certain provisions which can be amended by a simple majority in the [parliament. While there are certain provisions whose amendment requires not only a special majority in Parliament but also ratification by at least one-half of the state legislature.
Fundamental Rights
Under Indian Constitution as originally enacted, the citizen of India had been granted the seven fundamental rights.A full chapter has been devoted to the description of these fundamental lrights running into 24 articles. These rights are mentioned in part III of the constitution and are justiciable.
Fundamental Duties
The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution added a new part to the constitution under the heading Fundamental Duties. It lays down a code of ten duties for all the citizens of India.
DPSP
The Directive Principle of State Policy concept has been borrowed from the constitution of Ireland. These principles are contained in part IV of our Constitution. The aim of these principles is to establish a welfare state in India on the socialistic pattern of society.
Independent Judiciary
The Indian constitution provides for an independent judiciary. The constitution made the supreme court as the custodian and protector of the constitution.Thejudgement of the supreme court are legally binding and there is no appeal against the judgement of the Supreme Court.
A Secular State
Under the 42nd amendment this word 'Secular' has been included in the preamble of our constitution. Thus, India has been now officially become a secular state.
Single Citizenship
The constitution of India grants only one citizenship to all citizens. In a federation sometimes a citizen gets double citizenship, one of the Union and the other of State in which a person lives.
Universal Adult Franchise
The Indian constitution originally granted universal adult franchise to all those men and women, who attained the age of 21 years.Under the 61st amendment6 of the Indian Constitution the age of voting has been reduced from 21 to 18 years.
Official Language of India
A provision was made in our constitution to declare Hindi in the Devanagiri script as the official language of India. Till that time English was to continue as the official language.

IPC an Integral part of Social Legislation

In India the criminal jurisprudence came into existence from the time of Manu. Manu had recognized assault, theft, robbery, false evidence, slander, criminal breach of trust, cheating, adultery and rape as crime. In 1834, the first Indian Law Commission was constituted to investigate into the jurisdiction, powers and rules of the existing courts as well as police establishment and into the laws in operation in British India. The 'Indian Penal Code" was drafted by the first Indian law commission under the president ship of Macaulay and was submitted to the Governor-general of India in council in 1837.

Short Title:
The Indian Penal Code Bill was passed by the legislative council and it received the assent of the government-general on 6th, October,1860. It came on the statute book as the IPC on 1860.

Extention of the IPC:
This act shall be extended to the whole of India except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

Section 53:
Offenders are liable under this code, for death, imprisonment for life, rigorous simple imprisonment, forfeiture of property.

Section 54:
In every cases in which death sentence has been passed, Government may without consent of offender, commute punishment.

Section 55:
In every case in which life imprisonment has been passed, government may, without consent of offender , commute punishment for the term not exceeding fourteen years.

Section 67:
If offence is punishable with fine only, imprisonment imposed in default of payment of fine shall be simple. Term of imprisonment in default of payment of fine shall not exceed-
Two months when fine shall not exceed Rs.50/-
Four months when fine shall not exceed Rs.100/-&
not exceeding six months - in any other

Section 120(A):
When two or more persons agree to do cause to be done, an illegal act/an act which is not illegal but done. by illegal means. Such agreement is designated as criminal conspiracy

Section 121:
Wherever attempts/abets/wages war against Government of India, shall be punished with death of imprisonment for life & fine.

Section 122:
Whoever collects men/arms/ammunition/otherwise prepares to wage war against Government of India shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for term not less than 10 years and fine.

Insertion of new section 195:
Whoever threatens, another with any injury to his person, reputation or properly or to the person or reputation of any one in whom that person is interested shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine or with both.

Civil society & Government

Civil Society:

Civil society is a registered body
There have office set-up
according to the will of civil society office bearer can change
It is based on voluntary action
There have non-formal requirement
Civil society are govern by their own principle
Management enjoy discretional privileges

Government:

Government have registering authority
Government appoint office staff
Transfer of office bearer
Governmental officers are work for payment
To select someone it must be approved by the high-authority
Rule by the Government
The Government employees enjoy very specific privileges

Professionalization of Social Work across the World

Social Work is a recent branch of knowledge. It is a welfare activity based on humanitarian philosophy, scientific knowledge & technical skill for helping individual, groups or communities to live a better life.

Historically, social work done through charity, philanthropy, mutual aids etc. but due to Industrialization, Urbanization, there have numbers of social problem arises. So the traditional social work concept changes its shape to Professional Social Work.

Professionalization of Social Work in Indian Context
The first school of social work set up in Bombay in 1936. It was named as sir Dourabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work. Than there have many Institutions opened in India like the Delhi School of Social Work in Delhi, KashiVidyapitha in Varanasi & Social School in Baroda. In Orissa, The first school of Social Work introduced in the institute of Niswas.Than the others as Viswas, CSSR, IMS TISS, TACT etc. are set up.

These Institutions are setup to provide basic skill, knowledge, techniques and methods of Social Work. It make any social worker expert in a specific field to tackle & solve social problems.

Need of Professional Social Work

To acceptance of individual dignity
To provide social assistance & security
To achieve social goals in a professional manner
To establish networking for proper development of community people

1. For acceptance of individual dignity
Individual being the unit of society, occupies paramount importance. Every individual possessing some capacity, having some worth & dignity. But that capabilities are identifies only by a professional social worker who is really expert in understanding people’s feelings & techniques and identify others dignity. Only a professional social worker can identify individual’s dignity & make them self reliant according to their capacity.

2. To provide social assistance & security
Social work aims to realize a decent standard of living, social security & fulfillment of Universal human needs. It provides assistance to the individual, groups & communities. Professional Social Workers are now trained on these methods. They have knowledge about Human Rights, RTI, Legal Justice & they have the capacity to reduce social problems & social evils.

3. To achieve social goals in a professional manner
Professionalism is the expertness characteristic of a person or organization with a conscious aware of the role, image, skill, knowledge & commitment to quality & client oriented services. In other words, professionalism is focused accountable, confident, complete motivation towards particular goal with respect for hierarchy and humanity with less emotion.

4. To establish networking for proper development of community people
A Professional Social Worker have that skill & knowledge that she/he can make ainterlinkage with other Organizations, Institutions for granting support as kind or cash. It can help her/him to guide an individual in a proper manner.

Professionalization of Social Work is a need of Society because it posesses following duties
1. A professional social worker is a tested body of knowledge, consisting of techniques & methods communicate through training & educational discipline which shouldn’t only be academic but practical in nature.
2. There have Standardize trainings, jobs & services in the social work profession
3. It build-up sense of belonging group consciousness & responsibilities, professional ethics for every professional
4. Profession should provide professional value with continued occupation
5. It make responsible to social worker for public interest and work towards social ends
6. The goal should be the welfare of the people improved human relation, built on understanding & tolerance.

Disaster Preparedness by the State

The Rs 441 crore National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) would get underway in Orissa beginning April. Project period for NCRMP would be from 2009-10 to 2011-12. While this project is estimated at Rs 441 crore with a Central share of 75 percent, the State will bear 25 percent.

The State Government is already making a budgetary provision of Rs 33 crore for the fiscal 2009-10. With a Central With the World Bank Mission team comprises nine members, it will go a long way in Strengthening Disaster preparedness of the State.

Philosophy of Bhakti Movement

Bhakti Movement constitutes a very important chapter in the socio-cultural history of India. The movement started in 9th Century A.D by Shankaracharyawhich continued upto 16th century A.D by a number of Hindu Devotees, preachers & social reforms.

The word Bhakti is a very familiar word in the Hindu religious system. It’s derived from the Sanskrit word Bhaja which means “to Utter”. Some other said its meaning as 'to adore or to love' with honour. Thus in general sense Bhakti means “Devotion to God”.

The philosophy of Bhakti Movement:

Bhaki movement centred round monotheism or the worship of one God. Ram & Rahim, Iswar& Allah are same but different names of one God that is the Supreme God.
It give emphasis to bhakta or devotion to God as the only means to achieve Salvation.
A true Guru is the main source to attain God. She/he alone can show the path of light to reach in the proper destination.
Equality among men or universal brotherhood is another cardinal philosophy of the Bhakti movement.
Diary
Dispatch Register
Register of files
Reminder register
Recording register

5. Financial Register

Budget File
Case book
Receipt & bill Books
Voucher file
Salary register
Stock register
Property register

6. General Records

Annual Report
File containing material for the annual report
For the next year
List of address of agency’s contacts

Status of Women

Women for centuries have been subjected to humiliation of one sort of the other. They were treated like ‘Dependent’throughout their life.

The persistence in India of cultural practices that discriminate against girls & women means not only the abuse of but, finally the deaths of countless women. The girl child faces a hostile environment even in the womb.

If a girl child is lucky enough to be born, she experience discrimination in her infant. Studies have been shown as 12% mortality rate among girls under one year old and 8% morality rate amongst girl under five years old. Sexual abuse of girl & women in families is common because both she & her families has considered to have been shamed. Only rarely have rape cases come to public notice.

Most Indian girls are married between the ages of 16 to 20. they have to perform the role of wife, daughter- in law & mother. The model wife is taught that she must be ready to sacrifice her life for the honor of her husband & her family name.

The problem of women trafficking, prostitution & sexual abuse has existed for a long time but has been aggravated in modern time due to increase in economic & social stress caused by rapid Industrialization, break up of community life & changes in value system.

A Unicef report said that in every 26 minutes a women is molested.
In every 34 minutes a rape takes place.
In every 42 minutes a sexual harassment incident occurs.
In every 43 minutes a women is kidnapped. And in every 93 minutesa women is burnt to death over dowry.

Out of the total population, 120 million are women who live in a object poverty. From a global perspective, India accounts for 19% of all live births &27% of all maternal deaths. The death of young girls in India exceeds those of young boys by over 3,00,000 each year & every 6th infant death is specifically due to gender discrimination.

In India only 32% female are getting higher education where its 68% in case of male. A Unicef report say that 7,000 female babies are eliminated in India each day.

According to the economist & winner of Nobel prize Mr. Amartyasen (in 1990), only in south Asian country there have 50 million women are missing, getting willed, suffering as victims or surviving the violence.
So there have no means to celebrate the Women's Day, if we don't bring any positive changes & give smile to the women.

Panchayat Raj system in India

Every Village is consisting of numbers communities which has regulated by the Village Panchayat. All problems of a community have discuss in the Panchayat& the decision of the Panch is consider as final. Panchayat members are the representatives of the public whose main aim is to evolve a system of democratic decentralization and people’s participation with a view to ensuring rapid, speedier socio-economic progress and provide adequate justice.

Before the Panchayat Raj concept, the decision makers made plan in the Central Level for the villagers according to their own experience & own point of view. So they didn’t made appropriate decisions. That’s why the Panchayati Raj concept had originated. The local people well known the actual problem of their locality & make plan for their own betterment.

So in 1993, the Government of India passed a series of constitutional reforms to democratise and empower local political bodies – the Panchayats. According to the 73rd Amendment in every districts, sub-districts and the village level institutions as Panchayat Raj Institutions is working in rural areas.
Definition:
According to Mahatma Gandhi,“Indian Independence must be at the bottom and every village ought to be a Republic with Panchayat, having powers.”

The Panchayat Raj system has a three-tier structure as:
(i) the Village Panchayats
(ii) the PanchayatSamitis and
(iii) the ZilaParishad
(i) The Village Panchayat or Gram Panchayat : The village panchayat or the gram Panchayat functions at the Village level.
(ii) PanchayatSamiti : The panchayatsamiti is the main executive body which operates at the Block level.
(iii) ZilaParishad : The ZilaParishad functions at the districts level and is responsible for making executing and coordinating the programmes of rural development.
Aim of the Village Panchayat:
1. Three Tier system of PanchayatRaj for all States having population over 20 Lakhs
2. Panchayat elections to be held regularly every 5 Years
3.Reservation of seats for Schedule Castes, Schedule Tribes and Women
4. Election must be according to the rule of Central Election Commissioner
5. Empower the local people
6. Preservation of their natural resources
7. Their participation in the local level to reduce social evils as Dowry system, Domestic Violence & Alcoholism

Feminist Movement in India

The Feminist Movement was started as a reform movement in the classical liberal movement for a liberalise society. Before 1832, according to the English Common Law, when a marriage held, the husband & wife became one & rights of women became merge within her husband’s right. The women have no personal right.

The Marry Wollaston Craft, the first Feminist, who demanded her right from her husband. She fights for existing of women. That is the first expression of feminism. 1829 is the first way to start Feminist movement in India.

Marriage is called as a socially sanctioned sex relationship between man & women. In every family there have a division of power, from which strong part goes to the male as protector & the female & children are under the protection of male.

This is the natural hierarchy for which the Feminists fighting for. Feminists fights for celebracy& equality where sexual relationship must be free love making. It shouldn’t have any obligation or duty.

The Main Purpose of Feminist Movement is to provide women

Right to fair Wage
Right to marriage or Divorce at will
Property right for both man & women
Right to vote
Liberate women
Provide equal status to women

Types of Feminists

Liberal or Moderate Feminist
Socialistic Feminist
Radical Feminist
Marxist Feminist

Feminism & Nationalism
Sarojini Naidu’s Presidential address to the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in Bombay in 1930, she addressed that, ”We are not weak, timid, meek women, we hold the courageous Savitri as our ideal, we join how Sita keep her Chastity.”

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi addressed the All India Women’s Conference in 1980 she said, “I have often said that, I am not a Feminist, yet, in my concern for the unprivileged, how can i ignore women who, since the beginning of History, have been dominated over & discriminated against in social custom & in-laws. We need women to be more interested, more alive & more active, not because they are women, but because they do comprise half the human race.”

Feminist movement in India
In the end of the nineteenth century, women in India suffered from disabilities like Child Marriage, practice of Polygyny, sale of Girls for marriage purposes, severe restrictions on widows, non-access to education & restricting oneself to domestic & child rearing functions.

There have some Great Reformers in this Movement who raised their voice against Child Marriage, practice of Polygyny, Puradah system, right of widpw to remarry, fought for the right of inheritence for the women, pleaded for educating women & to treat daughter & sons equally. This Reformers are :

Justice Ranade
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar
Mahatma Gandhi

The Feminist Movement & the steps for women empowerment

Economic Planning & Policies for Indian Women: A Historical Analysis
Land Legislation
Health & Family welfare policies
Educational Policies
Gender Policy for the empowerment of Women-2001
Economi empowerment of women
Science & technology
Violence against women
Operational strategies
Institutional mechanism
Resource management
Legislation
Panchayat Raj Institution
Partnership with Voluntary Organization
Growth of women agencies

Poverty, Hunger and Starvation worldwide

Poverty:
Absolute poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy afflict more than one fifth of the world's population. Over 120 million people worldwide are officially unemployed and many more underemployed. More women than men live in absolute poverty and the imbalance continues to grow. Each day, more than 40,000 children die from the scourges of poverty, which includes hunger, malnutrition, disease, and epidemics.

Poverty manifest itself in many forms, including lack of income and productive resources sufficient to ensure sustainable livelihood, hunger and Mal-nutrition, ill health, limited or lack of access to education.

Hunger & Starvation
In today's scenario, more than one billion people are chronically hungry. Every year 13 to 18 million people die as a result of hunger and starvation. Every 24 hours, 35,000 human beings die as a direct or indirect result of hunger and starvation. In every 24 minutes 18 of whom are children under five years of age. The Wold Bank, in a different but no less serious language estimates that in 1980, 340 million people in developing countries did not have enough income to attain a minimum food energy standard, while 730 million fell below a standard that would allow an active working life.

Watershed Development Programme for the Rural Poor

Watershed is an independent Hydrological unit. It can be defined as the drainage basin or catchment area of a particular stream or river. It refers to the area from where the water come to a particular drain, like a river or stream. A Watershed may be small, consisting of a few hectares or huge, covering several thousands of hectares.

Watershed refers to the conservation, regeneration and the judicious use of human and natural (land, water, plants, animals) resources within a particular watershed. Watershed development attempts to bring about the best possible balance in the environment between natural resources on one side and man and gazing animals on the other. It requires people’s participation because conservation is possible only through the whole hearted involvement of the entire community.

Components/sectors of Watershed Development:

Human resource development (Community development)
Soil and land management (Conservation and use)
Water management (conservation and use)
Afforestation
Pasture (fodder) development
Agricultural development
Livestock management
Rural energy management

Why Watershed Development:
Activities of man like deforestation, wrong framing techniques, livestock over-grazing and faulty land use lead to the destruction of plant and tree cover exposing the earth to the natural forces like heavy rains, direct sunshine and high velocity winds. It give raise to soil erosion, floods or water scarcity. Agricultural yield is lowered and this results in decline in the income levels of the community resulting poverty and eventually leading to migration of labour from rural to urban areas in search of livelihood.

Watershed development therefore not only to generate environment but also manage the needs of human community. Human beings and their activities are the root cause of environmental destruction and the preservation of environment is only the responsibility of all inhabitants.

Profit making & Non-profit making Organizations for Locality Development

Organization:
Organization we mean an Institution, an association consisting of a group of people having common aim and objective, working in a common platform.

The concept of Organization:
The modern civilized society is characterized by a large number of Organization. Our society in a way is an organizational society. We are not only live in and work through organizations but satisfy most of our desires & fulfill our aspirations through organizations. The term organization is used in different ways to mean different things.

Profit making organization:
The organizations which are working for their benefit as well as for the benefit of the common people are called as the Profit Making Organization.
Types of Profit-making Organization

· Cooperatives

· SHGs

· Governmental Organizations

· Corporate sectors

· Industries

· Educational Institutions

Cooperatives:
Cooperative is an Institution/association of persons united together to meet their common economic, social& cultural needs. Its main aim is to improve the economic condition of the rural poor.
The marketing cooperatives are strengthen the bargaining capacity, secure the cultivator a better price for their produce, eliminate the middle men& money lander. The paddy processing, rice mills, cotton baling are also made for obtaining a greater return. The cooperative sector contributes nearly 59% of the total Sugar produce % 51% of Milk produce. There have also 5-6 crore women are working in the 90,00 Cooperative sectors.
Though the cooperatives are the profit making organizations, working for its own profit.

SHGs:
The self help groups are those small organizations, generally consists of its 11 members in a group, their activities are thrift and credit. They save a small person of their earning, which they deposit in the Bank.The members join in the group for their own interest and development.

Governmental Organizations:
The Governmental Organizations are working for the betterment of the society as well as for the benefit of its own. The Organizations as Bank, Medical, School and colleges, Police departments are comes under those groups, where people are working for earning money.

Corporate sector:
The corporate sector has made some contributions for the societal development but all its efforts are through the individual Institutions. The main aim of these sector is to strengthen its capacity and development of industrial, commercial sector.

Industries:
Industrialization, in its narrow sense, refers to the system of Factory production. It has rightly been described as the second wave of change in human civilization. Through Industries, a high degree of labor mobility takes place. There have also growth in marketing and commercial centres for sell of consumer goods and through increase of medical technology & standard of living.

Educational Institutions:
Most of the private educational Institutions are depends upon the donation & tuition fees of its students & trust from its core members. Though they provided best efforts in the field of education, their main aim is earn money for the development of the institution.

Non-Profit making Organization:
Non profit making organization we means, the organizations which are working for the betterment of the common people without having any self interest.

Types of no-profit making Organization:

Voluntary organization
NGO
CBOs
Funding agencies
Youth club

Voluntary Organization:
VOs means, a group of people working together voluntarily to help the needy persons with their available needs & resources. They are the non-profit making organizations who are working for the welfare of the common, needy people without any interest. The HarijanSevakSangha, Kasturbagandhi Memorial Trust, Tata Institute of Social Sciences are the voluntary organizations , who are working for the needy people & in the field to provide basic rights to them.

NGOs:
The nongovernmental organizations are working for the socio, economic & environmental development of the common people. In India there have thousands of Private organizations, who are working both in the Rural & Urban areas for the betterment of the common people, who are need help.

CBOs:
The Community Base Organizations are the organizations who are working for the betterment of the common people within the Community according to the need & available resource of the community people. They are generally small in size.

Funding Agencies:
Funding agencies are both Governmental & Non-Governmental in nature. They mobilize & utilize funds, money for the development of an Individual & a group. They raise fund, to generate expected benefit for an individual/group or community. The Dorabji Tata-Rural Welfare Trust, UNIFEM, UNICEF, OXFAM, Action Aid are working for the development of the people on the field of Education, health, agriculture and rural development of the people.

Youth Club:
Youth Clubs are organizations of the young people. In most cases, youth clubs exist to serve the recreational needs of the young people. But they also get involved in various Social works, such as running Literacy centres, organizing relief for flood victims, conducting festivals, melas and awareness campaigns.

Profit making organization:

Working for their own benefit
Depends on funding & cash
They work to earn money
Work only for the benefit of the organization
They work according to the organizational norms
They work for a specific period of time

Non-Profit making Organization:
Working for the betterment of the society
They don't depend upon any fund for social welfare
They are working for the community benefit
Work voluntarily for the common people
They believe on immediate action
There have no time limit to help the needy people

NGO & its Management

Every day we come across committees in business, industry, welfare & voluntary organizations which are being run by the lay citizens.
This elements are very necessary in social work which aims at helping people to help themselves.

Meaning of NGO
NGO we means the Non Governmental Organization. Generally NGO means, a group of people representing from Civil Society back ground, thinking to stand united for common interest of specific problems of the people in the locality, May get registered their vision under the society Act.

Types of NGO

The NGOs only provides social service
Fund raising NGOs
NGOs work with Government

Basic Components of an NGO

General body
Managing/Executive Committee
Office Bearer
Legal Advisor
Purchasing Committee

1.General Body
A General Body consists of general members of the organization enrolled according to the provisions of the Constitution of the agency.
Some of the main functions of the General Body

Policy making or legislative functions
Control over raising & utilization of Funds
Election of the office bearer & the members of the executive
Approval of Annual Budget
Appointing auditors
Approve Annual Plan of Action

2.Managing Committee
The managing/executive committee is elected by the general body according to the agency’s rules & regulations. It performs all the functions for the day-to-day affairs of an agency. Its tenure is fixed according to agency’s rule . It’s always answerable to the general body.

3.Office bearer
In order to manage the activities of the organization & strive to materialize the objective of the organization, there is a need of folding different technical & non-technical course in the same organization. The office bearers consists of President, Vice President, Secretary/General Secretary, Joint/Assistant Secretary, Treasurer & an Auditor.

4.Legal Advisor
Legal advisor is a person being chosen either from among the group members or from outside source as legal advisor to the organization. The person in charge for giving Legal Advice looks after some legal aspects & dimensions, while holding any Plans &Programmes undertaken by the organization to make it more legalized. She/he also provide legal support service in-favor of the organization, if it’s necessary.

5. Purchasing Committee
A Purchasing Committee consists of a accountants, programme co-ordinator& representative from the Donor Agency or from governing body members is normally set-up. This committee looks after to mobilize quotations from the suppliers/certified agencies to provide specific goods which are needed by the organization certifying the budgetary provisions.

Basic Activities perform by an NGO

Annual General Body Meeting
Make Annual Action Plan
Approve Annual Budget

Women Empowerment through Micro Finance

Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action and control work in an autonomous way take control over resources and over ideology.

The concept of Micro Finance:
The term micro finance is of recent origin and is commonly used in addressing issues related to poverty alleviation, financial support to micro entrepreneurs, gender development etc.
The term 'Micro' literally means "small". But the task force has not defined any amount. However as per Micro Credit special Cell of the Reserve Bank of India, the borrowable amounts up to the limit of Rs.25000/- could be considered as micro credit products and this amount could be gradually increased up to Rs.40000/- over a period of time which roughly equals to $500- a standard for South Asia as per international perceptions.

The mantra of "Micro finance" is banking through groups. The essential features of the approach are to provide financial services through groups of individuals, formed either in joint liability or co-obligation mode. The other dimensions of the micro finance approach are:

Saving/Thrift precedes credit
Credit is linked with savings/thrift
Absence of subsidies
Group plays an important role in credit appraisal, monitoring and recovery

Basically groups can be of two types:

Self Help Groups (SHGs): The group in this case does financial inter mediation on behalf of the formal institution. This is the predominant model followed in India.

Grameeen Groups:In this model, financial assistance is provided to the individual in a group by the formal institution on the strength of group's assurance. In other words, individual loans are provided on the strength of joint liability/co-obligation. This micro finance model was initiated b7y Bangladesh Grameen Bank and is being used by some of the Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) in our country.

Formation of SHG to Empower Women

The Self Helf Groups (SHGs) are helping more than 17 million women in the rural areas & make them self reliant. The SHGs of rural women consists of membera who are the poor, having low saving capacity and who depend on money lenders for meeting their daily needs and social obligations. SHGs are small voluntary associations of poor women, preferably from the same socio-economic background.

They come together for the purpose of solving their common problems. The SHGs significantly contribute to the empowerment of the poor women & meant for reaching the un reached & particularly the poorest among the poor. Women in SHGs have been encouraged by the government as well as NGOs to undertake self employment ventures with locally available resources. SHG is called as a suitable means for the empowerment of women.

Rules for formation of SHG :

The number of members should between 10-20
Only one member per family to be covered in the SHG
Weekly meeting on a fixed day & time should be made compulsory
All the transactions & discussions should be made compulsory
All the transactions & discussions should be done in the meeting only
For the first 3 months emphasis should be on regularly of meeting, 100% participation, regular saving & regular deposit in the bank & book writing
Between 3-6 months a SHG concept training has to be arranged for all the members
Grading is compulsory before linkage
An SHG has completed six months is functioning well & shouldn’t be deprived of Bank loan for long
Participation of bank officials in the SHG meeting at least once in 3 months is essential for maintaining the quality of SHG
The SC/ST & OBC constituted 83% of the total sample
It is called as a small saving group

The concept of Untauchability& the Civil Rights

· Untauchability is a term which is deep rooted in our society from the Later Vedic period when the greatest law giver Manu ruled over India. Within his era the concept untauchability& superiority of Brahmins came in front of society. According to him Brahmans are the purest part of Brhma& the whole world is only for them & others are called untouchable & the slave of Brahmins.

Under Article 17 of the Indian Constitution, untauchability is abolished & its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any ability arising out of untauchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law. Besides the Civil Rights Act 1976, the Indian Parliament also enacted the SC & ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 in order to prevent the offence of atrocities against the SC/ST & to provide Special Courts for trial .The Anti MiningDharana comes about a year in many parts of the State of Odisha, specially in Kalahandi Dist. where the place of worship be leased out in the name of Industrialization. For the tribals, Niyamgiri Hill is not only ecologically fragile but is the source of livelihood for around 8,000 of people living in 112 villages.

Like that in many areas in India we found exploitation & suppression against the tribals which should be go against of Civil Rights and Human Rights of thousands of people in the Country. So more implementation of law & order is necessary to take immediate steps to save the civil rights of the tribals.

Drugs & Alcohol, the direct cause of Crime & Violence

The study is of critical importance to India, where smoking is responsible for about one in 20 deaths of woman & one in five deaths of man in the age group of 30-69 years. By 2010, it has estimated that smoking will lead to one million death in the country.

Drugs & Alcohol are positively correlated with crime & violence against women (VAW). Alcoholism raises violence & consequently family disintegration. There are some incidents where the father raped his daughter under the influence of alcohol.

The most common form of violence world wide is wife battering, which is the direct result of alcoholism. According to the 1995 record, there have 3,764 offences that accounted 22.7% of the total reported drug related offences in India. Alcohol is also the cause of Schizophrenia, TB & Cancer.

Basic Sanitation & control over Pollution

Today more than 2 billion people around the world lack access to basic sanitation services. An estimated 42,000 people die every week from absence of adequate sanitation, according to Ban Ki Moon, the UN Secretary General. Every day over 30,000 trucks carry iron ore to Paradeep port in Odisha.

More than 200 people die every year in this exhaustive process of mining. The resultant dust & noise force thousands of people. Due to lack of control over environment, there have natural disasters increase day by day. By an investigation it estimate that on October, 2005, in Jammu & Kashmir and North part of Pakistan there have more than 78,000 people were died due to earth quack.

The draught flood in Odisha every year killed thousands of people & their habitats. Though there have so many plan &programmes implemented in different states to control pollution & maintain proper sanitation all are remaining only in paper.

Laws related to Family

Family is defined as a group of persons of both sexes, related by marriage, blood or adoption performing roles based on age, sex 7 relationship. Family generally consists of people living together having Blood relationship, their mentality may be same or different but they share same kitchen.

Laws related to Family
With the change of time the principles & ethics of every family has change. Today the family problems are extended in such a manner that the existing rules are quite looking limited to provide services to the family. So there have much laws has been implemented
for the betterment of the family. They are:

Legislative Provisions
Constitutional Provisions
Special Plan & Policies relating to family

Legislative Provisions

Indian Succession Act – 1925
Special Marriage Act – 1954
Hindu Marriage Act – 1955
Hindu Succession Act – 1956
EPF Act – 1957
Dowry prohibition Act – 1961
Maternity Benefit Act – 1961
MTP Act - 1971
GPF Act – 1987
PNDT Act - 1994
Old Age Pension Scheme – 1995

Constitutional Provisions
Aricle 14 – Equality before Law
Aricle 15 (3) – A State should make Special Provisions in favour of Women & Children
Aricle 16 – Equality of opportunity relating to employment
Aricle 21 – Right to life & personal liberty of every individual
Aricle 39 – Both man & woman equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood
Aricle 42 – State shall make provisions for just & human conditions of work & maternity relief
Aricle 45 – Free & compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years
Aricle 47 – Raise the level of nutrition & standard of living of its people & the improvement of Public Health
Aricle 48 – State shall endeavour to organise agriculture & animal husbandry on modern scientific lines
Aricle 243 – Not less than one-third of the total number of offices of chairpersons in the Panchayat should be reserved for women

Special Plan & Policies relating to family
1. National Population Policy – 2000
2.Health & Family Welfare Policy
3.National Rural Health Mission
4.Universalising ICDS
5. Major initiatives like Asha
6. Family Counseling Centre

1.National Population Policy – 2000
On 15th February, 2000 the Government of India announced a new population policy. The salient promotional & motivational measures in the NPP-2000 link disbursement of awards under the Rural development department’s maternity benefit schemes, antenatal check-up, delivery by trained persons, birth registration & BCG Immunization. Other initiatives includes insurance provision schemes for couples who are below the poverty line, registration of marriage & acceptance of small family norms & adoption of the terminal method after the birth of the second child.

2. Health & Family Welfare Policy
India’s health situation points unequivocally to two large population groups who are especially vulnerable to disease & death as women & children. The First Five Tear Plan initiated the establishment of sub-centres (one for every 5,ooo people) & Primary health Centres at the Block Level. In the Second Five Year Plan, MCH services became an integral part of the overall health services in rural areas. MCH was transferred to the department of Family Planning, Instead of doing the reverse.

3. National Rural Health Mission
With the launch of the Mission, initiatives have been set in motion to effectively improve access to quality health care of people, especially those residing in rural areas, the poor, women & children during the period 2005-12, the mission seeks to halve infant mortality rate from 60 to 30 per thousand live births, reduce total fertility rate from 3 to 2.1, bring down maternity mortality to 100 from over 300 per Lakh, reduce prevalence of diseases covered under the National Programme for disease control.

4. Universalising ICDS
The Government has sanctioned 2.95 Lakh AnganwadiCentres& 25,961 Mini AnganwadiCentres in two phases as parts of its commitment to ensure an AnganwadiCentres in every habitations, as per the existing population norms of one center for a population of 1,000 (700 for Tribal/Hilly/Desert Areas) during the 11th Plan period for reach out to all children below Six years of age, pregnant women & lactating mothers.

5. Major initiatives like Asha
A voluntary trained Community Health Worker in every village in 18 demographically weaker states (4.35 Lakh Ashasd have been already selected & cover 2 Lakh trained), selection of over 90,000 link workers, provision of an additional ANM at all Health Sub-Centres to provide better health facilities to women, children & family.

6. Family Counselling Centre
Orissa Government has set-up 30 Family Counseling Centres (FCCs) in 30 Districts, whose main aim is to provide adequate support services & guidance to the family members, spouse when they have any family problem. It helps to aware family members about their rights and present laws to protect their Human Rights.

The Concept of Globalization & India

India is now in a developing stage get released from the term 3rd World Country. Between few years it became develop so much that it tries to get fame & position in other countries, in socio, economic & other fields. So it make hand with other nations worldwide.

The concept of Globalization
Globalization we means, make a place in international market in the socio, economic political field. The concept of Globalization came into existence by the formulation of new industrial policy in 1991. In this year, Mr. Manmohansingh introduced the concept of Globalization, privatization of all sectors, when he was the Finance Minister. He want free flow of marketing and want to bring all Nations within one Umbrella.

The main Features of Globalization

Adjustment of Indian economy with World economy
Conversion of National market to International ones, which will facilitate free mobility of capital, labour& consumer goods.
It’s called market reform policy, which is otherwise known as Manmohan economics or Manmohanics. It replaces socialistic pattern of society.

The positive side of Globalization

Dismentaling of Industrial licensing system
Invitation &propmotion of foreign capital
Partial privatization of public sector
Making various sectors of Indian economy comperative on Global Scale
Provides an opportunity to learn from others to excel
Generate more Income & Employment
Provides opportunity for Direct Foreign Investment (DFI)
Provide opportunities for Industries to produce cost effective product
Removes the monopoly practices & rigidity in socio-economic system
Reduce the concept of dualism & dichotomy

Adverse side of Globalization

Give raise to degradation of Local Industries
Leads to exploitation by the foreign market
Globalization is a challenge to Gandhian concept of economy
Loss Governmental autonomy
Give raise to scam & scandal

People with Disability

According to the Human Rights estimation, there are about 60 million disabled persons, in the country belonging to various categories include blind, deaf, dumb, physically handicapped, mentally retarded and the mentally ill. In the Indian Context, the disabled suffer from social stigma of various degrees. The mental health Act of 1993 hasn’t came into force in all states. The parliament adopted the Persons with Disabilities Act in 1995.

While there have reservation, as seats in the Universities, schools but it’s very less in numbers. There have no any separate provisions for them in the country. Therefore the legislation largely remains merely on paper, despite its coming into force on 7th February, 1996. So the Indian Legislation most keep its eye to provide more basic rights to the persons with Disabled.

Social Research to deal with Social Problems

The term research has been derived from the French word "researcher', 're'& 'chercher' which means a critical examination of a topic or subject to discover new facts for increasing the sum total of human knowledge.

Social research is an attempt to know new things, facts, informationetc about the society in a scientific manner.
Social research deals with social phenomena and studies human behaviour.
Through social research a researcher can find out the remedial majors to reduce social evils.
Social research is a only method through which it can possible to find out the real problem of the society and give a proper solution to it.

Sampling Methods use in Social Research

When a small group has taken as a representative of the whole, it’s called as sampling. It’s the small unit which make a good use in analysis of research finding.

Types of Sampling:

Random Sampling
Lottery Sampling
Sequential Sampling
Grid Sampling
Biased Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Quota Sampling
Multistage Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Self-selected Sampling

1. Random Sampling
It’s called as the proportional sampling. It assures each individual or elements in the universe has equal chance of being selected or choosed research unit. It’s a popular method in statistics to justify the method of research.

2. Lottery Sampling:-Some time it’s impossible to cover all the area, so the researcher may do the lottery system to select a particular area for her/his research designing.

3. Sequential sampling
The scholar collects the sequential list to select her/his samples. In a sequence if a number is more samples are drawn from that sequence. Usually alphabetical order dominate in sequential sampling.

4. Grid sampling
Grid sampling refers to election of a particular area from the total Universe. In such a method of sampling the entire universe is divided into different greed and segments and the scholar prepares a map of the entire universe and places the greed in that map out of which he selects her/his samples for study & research.

5. Biased sampling
Biased sampling means a researcher selects the samples according to her/his choice and is free to choose one & reject the other.

6. Stratified sampling
It includes both perpessive and random sampling. Strata implies groups. The entire universe is divided into different groups or strata and samples are done from each group or strata.

7. Quota sampling
Quota sampling is a type of perpessive sampling, the entire universe is divided into different groups, strata or physical regions and from each group, strata or region we draws specific samples according to our quota that means, selection must be according to the need of the area.

8. Multi-stage sampling
The universe is always very large and there must be a proper parameter to select samples, which adequately represents the universe. For that purpose we divide the total universe into different stages and accordingly we select samples.

9. Convenience sampling
Where the universe isn’t very clear to understand for research, the researcher use this type off sampling.

10. Self-selected sampling
Selection is done by the people. In such cases the researcher needn’t go to the respondents, rather the respondent run after the researcher for selection.

Tools to frame the Research Questions

A questionnaire consists of questions printed (or typed) in a definite order on a form (or set of forms). The forms are usually mailed to the respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and reply to them in writing in the relevant spaces provided for the purposes on the said forms.

Questionnaire method-
The signal advantage of the questionnaire method is that affords great facilities in collecting data from large, diverse and widely scattered groups of people.
It’s used in gathering objective, quantitative data as well as for securing information of a qualitative nature.

Types of tools to frame the research questions-

Schedules
Questionnaire
Interview guides

Schedule-
These are use in direct interview of the responds. It includes direct observation recorded by the field investigators in conducting social research.
Data which are collected by the researcher are recorded in schedules.

Questionnaire-
Questionnaires are send by post to the respondent by the researcher
The respondent fill-up the questionnaire and returned to the researcher by post.

Interview guides-
Interview guides contains the topic, bold headings about the problem or social issues and guides the researcher to formulate questions and schedules for the completion of researcher. But there have borderline difference between schedule and researchers.
The framing of research questions and schedules depend on Interview guides in qualitative research. It guides the researcher to select a title or name for his research topic.

Types of Schedule-
Direct question schedules
It is also called as Observation schedule. The questions are pin-pointed to collect information.
Rating schedules
It’s socio-psychological by nature. Generally use to measure the opinion reaction and the attitude of the respondents.
Document schedules
It is use to collect secondary source of data from Government and non-government records, annual reports library etc.
Interview schedules
It contains standardize questions to built the substance of the research. Such questions must include different dimensions of the problem.
Steps for formulate(frame) research schedule-
It should be attractive
The statement of the problem
Information collected for valid
Lay-out (planning)

It should be attractive-
The attractive includes the quality of the paper, size of the schedule, margin and spacing, printing in different colours, use of pictures .So to attract the respondent.

The statement of the problem
The problem should be clearly stated and sub devided into different aspect. But the researcher should be wel-aquainted with the problem.

Information collected for valid
Valid questions and irrelevant questions shouldn’t find a place in schedule or questionnaire.

Lay-out (planning)
The questionnaire or schedules are properly planned, so it will cover all aspects of research problem.

Limitation of framing research question-

Framing research is a very costly affairs
Research calls for administrative problems
Research is very much influenced by his personal likes and dislikes
Time limit
Creative questionnaires with the need
Creative review

Uses and Limitations of Social Statistics

Statistics is a science of facts and figures and nothing beyond that. It's a measurement of data and expression of the same in the numerical manner. It includes frequency distribution, measurement of central value or tendency, deviations, regressions, co-relations, t-test and goodness of fit.

Uses of social statistics:

It is highly quantitative than qualitative
Statistical method deals with two fundamental principles
Statistical unit
Statistical data must be manipulated
Presentation of statistical data with the help of line-diagram

1. It is highly quantitative than qualitative:
Social statistics which present the data of an area must be numerous in nature. By which we can measure the tendency of a project.
In a little period, it also understand by everyone, when listen the percentage. So it is easy to record and easy to understand.

2. Statistical method deals with two fundamental principles:

Fundamental regularity based on mathematical probability
It says about capacity of the researcher

Fundamental regularity based on mathematical probability:
It states that every social phenomena is influenced by large number by variables, which are co-related and inter related and statistics ls to study this co-relation. Therefore the theory of probability, leniourprogrammes and shadow prices are used to find-out the reality.

It says about capacity of the researcher:
For substantiation of findings and conclusions, statistical jargon are necessary and it save the researcher/scholar from danger and challenges. It is the data, facts and figures which say the capacity of the researcher. The skills and the resources which is used by the researcher must be applied in its research finding.

3. Statistical Units:

Statistical unit has four characteristics as:

Appropriateness
Clarity
Measurability
Comparability

4. Statistical data must be manipulated:
The statistical data must be manipulated, divided and totaled to formulate some conclusions.

5. Presentation of statistical data with the help of line-diagram:
Presentation of statistical data with the help of line-diagram, graphs, charts, histogram, frequency, distribution, pie-diagrams etc.

Limitations of social statistics:

Statistics is highly quantitative
It’s not provide adequate data
It can present time to time presentation of data

1. Statistics is highly quantitative:
Social statistics is totally based on number which never present a correct data, accurate information of an area which can be qualitative in nature. Only from the number and percentage, we can’t identify the accurate jargon.

2. It’s not provide adequate data:
The social statistics can’t provide adequate knowledge about a particular field as the data about population, age group, types of problem, causes of problem and the internal resources to solve that problem. It is only provide a figure as percentage.

3. It can present a data within a time limit:
The sensex data, annual budgeting, 5 year plans, these are the sources to get information of a field, which is officially correct but non-officially it’s not find as accurate. It’s only theoretically correct.

Computer Application in Social Work Research

Computer is an Electro Mechanical Device, use for processing data. It accepts data from user and process it and display a correct information as the out-put. Computer is rived from the Greek word, ‘Compute’, which means to calculate.

Components of Computer:

Data
Processing
Information

Data:
The logic behind the computer is called data. The facts, numbers, texts etc, which are enter into the computer by the user before calculation is called data. It can do arithmetic and logic operation during processing.

Processing:
It is the manipulation of data. To convert a data into useful information is called.

Information:
The processed data is called information. After processing, it converts to meaningful data.

Anatomy (Parts) of Computer:

Hardware
Software
User

Characteristics of Computer:
Speed
Accuracy
Diligency
Versality
Storage capacity
Automation
Efficiency

Role of Computer in Social research:

1. It can solve any difficult problem within a few minute

a. It provide accurate Information

b. Store large number of data

c. Perform any types of arithmetic and logical operation

d. Design a data

e. It helps to make Networking with other Institutions

f. Help to collect data from out sources

g. Use as a Calculator

Maintenance of Record in Social Work Research

Record is a storing of data either in written form or in video. It may be written in form or not but has used as prove/evidence of any incidents.

Definition:
Chamber Dictionary defines record as “act of setting down in writing or other permanent form, a formal writing of any fact or proceeding, a book of such writing.”

Objective:

To improve the professional skills & techniques of workers
To evaluate the work of the agency & to improve upon methods & techniques used therein
To create satisfaction & keep up the interest of the workers
To build a body of knowledge of social work administration
To facilitate supervision & training
To show the progress of the agency to the board, community, public authorities etc.
To ensure continuing of work & keep a note thereof
To do work on a systematic basis

Types of Records:

Organizational Records
Programme Records
Administrative Records
Procedural Records
Financial Records
General Records

1. Organizational Records

Registration Certificate
Copy of the constitution, Bye-laws of the agency
Agenda Papers
Minute books/register
Returns to field with the registrar of society
Register of board members with their address
Resolutions for formulation of the committees, sub-committees & record of their work

2. Programme Records

Blue print of the agency’s plan of work of the scheme
Case histories in case work process
Survey report of the community
Diary of field work
Attendance register for programme staff
Register of volunteers
Visitor’s book

3. Administrative Records

Personal files of staff members
Attendance register
Leave record
Telephone calls register
Building plan file, sanctioned plan
File for each branch

4. Procedural records

Status of Women in Global Scenario (2007 Human Rights Report)

The Global Official record says that-

62 Million girls under age 15 don't go to school
96 Million young young women between the age of 15-24 are Illiterate
7.3 Million young women are living with HIV/AIDS
Two thirds of newly infected youth in sub sahara Africa are Females
14 Million females aged 15-19 give birth each year
More than 70,00,00 teenage girls are married each day in many countries before the age of 18 years
450 Million adult women are stunted from childhood protein malnutrition
9.6 Million girls are hazardous labourer including slavery, prostition and armed conflict
In India every day 7,ooo female foetus has taken place
In India more than 25 Million female are working as sexual worker. From which 25% are came into the profession between the age of 14-18

Steps taken for Safe Motherhood

Registration of a pregnant women in nearest health check-up centre between 12 weeks of her pregnancy is called as Early Registration.
After registration a pregnant women should be given 1st Tetanus Booster
After 2 months should be given 2nd Booster
Every pregnant lady must be given check-up at least for 3 time.
1st Check up - After 20 Weeks of Pregnancy
2nd Check up - After 28 Weeks
3rd Check up - After 36 Weeks
Proper check-up is mostly acceptable in the last 3 months of pregnancy
Rapid Blood Pressure check-up is mostly require
She should be taken Iron Tablets daily
Use of Iodine salt in food
If she suffer with bloodlessness should be take 2 tablets daily at least for 100 days
After 4 months of pregnancy she must take 2 chloroquine tablets in a weak but in 1st dose 4 tablets must be taken
For the better health of child & herself, should be take much food
Must be taken rest in the day time at least for 2 hours
Sleeping in left-side is good because of proper blood-circulation of child

Symptoms:

Head-ache
Dizziness of head
Loss of eye power
Saw darkness
Upper abdomen pain
Swelling of foot

Gender Bias In Indian Society

Gender we means male or female. But today the concept of Gender is change. According to the new concept 'Either male or female called as gender according to their social & cultural role and responsibility within the society & family.

Gender Bias:

Gender bias means discrimination over sex. Gender bias is a separation of gender in a way which prefers one sex over the other. It is called as a negative perception of a male and female.

Definition:
Gender bias is defined as "preference or inclination that inhibits impartiality or prejudice".

The factor leads to Gender Bias:

Male preference starts before birth
gender bias in Higher study
Infertility
Right of women over decision making
absence of freedom
Crime against women
Poverty
Absence of employment opportunity
Disease & other health hazards

Male preference starts before birth:
In India generally people are going for second child if the 1st is a female but if the 1st or 2nd child is a male then they prefer abortion. If by the test it is knowing that the coming baby is a boy than that pregnant lady get well treatment & caring. But it is different in the case of a female.
In South Korea, nearly 80,000 female foetus were aborted between 1986-89. In India only everyday minimum 7000 female foetus are aborted. In Haryana there have male preference is more than to females. So the sex ratio is 861-1000 and very surprisingly it is 798-1000. This abortions are the cause of male preference.

Gender bias in higher studies:
Either for poverty, social stigma or the fear of crime as rape, prostitution & trafficking, they are staying apart from getting higher education. the families are sawing less interest to encourage girl child for higher education as IIT.

Infertility:
In the Indian Society if a women is unable to conceive a baby after one year of married sexual life, that is called Infertility. In this case both male & female are responsible, but initially in that case only the female partners are answerable or blamed.

Right over decision making:
Generally in our society a adolescence women have little right over sexual & reproductive decision making. Most of the time to conceive a baby the decision of male partner is taking into account. The normal drive that is sex drive is a desire for both partners. But it is usually found that the male partner always take advantage during this act. Even in decision making procedure within the home they are given less concern.

Absence of freedom:
Female don't enjoy as much freedom and liberty as man. It is observe that women have always depend on their parents before marriage & after they get married they depends upon their husband & in laws.

Crime against women:
Women are the victims of crimes of numerous type at the hands of Man. They are abused &exploited mentally & physically. They are even burnt for dowry, victims of rape, prostitution, sexually harassment and trafficking.

Poverty:
Generally though the male partner of a family is so rich, many times we found that , the female partner don't get sufficient financial support which fulfil their basic needs because they are the home-makers.

Absence of employment opportunity:
Unemployment is the most serious problem faced by the women. There is always a lack of job for the educated women. Today also in the Army sector they don't get the facility to work in defence.
In many of Official sector, they are exploited by their official staffs. In some other States as Bihar, Haryana, Jaipur or in the country Pakistan till now female are deprived from employment due to social stigma & atrocities.

Disease & other health hazards:
There have a Gender Bias in the field of caring. Generally females are getting less importance in the field of health after & before marriage. Mainly they live in stress, strain & anxiety. Female are being weak for lack of proper nutrition & care. In Indian society generally in case of poverty, a wife always desires that the available resource be utilized for the care of her husband & family. So many times she may be hidden her personal problems. That's why Gender Bias is called as ones own negative perception which dominate oneself.

Gender bias in Language, culture & Theory

Gender bias, the term is so deep rooted in our society that it’s quite impossible to drive out from the society. In every field it may be social, political, economic or cultural field we found a small or large discrimination among man & woman.

Meaning of Gender:
Either the male or female called as gender according to her/his social and cultural role & responsibility within the society.

Definition of Gender:
Manu said, “The father protects a women in her childhood, husband during her youth, her son in old age; a woman is never fit for Independence.”

Meaning of Gender Bias;
Gender bias relates to the discrimination among male and female.
The bias ness between the gender is expressed in language, culture & theory. The power which defines the language to be used, culture to be maintained and the theoretical discourse used in the exclusion of man and woman.
Gender bias in Language:

Language is a very powerful elements, which has used by every individual to express own feelings.
There have some language prescribed by the society which has only use by the males and some, only by the females.
Generally when we written something about a male and female we simply write “He” for both. Secondly after the marriage of a man, he remain ‘Mr’, but a woman changes from miss to mrs.
She also have to change her Gotra& Surname.
When people use the word saving money, if it’s for boy, we say it’s for his teaching, career but when we talk about girl we think saving money for her marriage.

Gender bias in culture:

Culture , which is transmitted from generation to generation, in case of gender bias, it also handed over from father to son and from mother to daughter.
In childhood, parents & teachers teach girls not to try things, because their effort either don’t make any difference or may be result in failure or any danger and boys are encouraged to do thing in a better way by their own effort.
Boys are giving toys require skills, car, dresses as Saktiman, Spiderman whereas girls are given Barbie doll, flowers for playing.
Boys are called as the person having strong emotion or control over emotion so though they wants to cry, the society don’t give him permission to cry in other aspects they have to earn money for their marriage and self reliant.
When a girl do something more get prestige by all and became feel happy but she forget the weakers need motivation. But when a boy do the same thing, it’s says as his duty and courage.

Gender bias in Theory:
The gender stereotypes lead to two types of bias as Alpha Bias which exaggerates the differences between man and woman whereas Beta bias ignores the differences between male & female and give importance &equity between male & female.

The Nature of Women Atrocities

the United Nations committee on Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in its General Recommendation No. XII (1989) has recommended that State parties should act to protect women against violence of any kind especially that occurring within the family.

Types of Women Violence:

Physical Violence
Sexual Violence
Verbal and Emotional Violence
Economic Violence

Physical Violence:

Beating
Slapping
Hitting
Biting
Kicking
Punching
Pushing
Shoving, or
Causing bodily pain or injury in any other manner

Sexual Violence:

Forced to Sexual intercourse
Forced to look at pornography
Any act of sexual nature to abuse, humiliate or degrade
child sexual abuse

Verbal and Emotional Violence:

Insults
Name-calling
Accusations on any ones character or conduct etc.
Insults for not having a male child
Insult for not bringing dowry
Preventing anyone from doing job
forcing anyone to marry a particular person
Any other verbal or emotional abuse

Economic Violence:

Not providing money for maintaining to a exploited woman or to her children
Not providing food, clothes, medicines etc.
Not allow to do job
Not allowing to use salary, wages

Hindu Persosnal Law

Personal Law:
Personal Law means the specific laws which are personal to some specific groups or race and which are protect the individual rights and provide social security. Personal Laws are relevant justification for ensuring human justice. The Regulating Act 1773 was the first of its kind which allowed the Hindus to follow their responsive Personal Laws .

Types of Personal Law:

Indian Succession Act-1925
Hindu Marriage Act-1955
Hindu Minority & Guardianship Act-1956
Law of Adoption

1. Indian Succession Act-1925:

Intestate Succession among Hindu is governing by its own Personal Law. Therefore this act deals with the-

Intestate succession among other communities in India
Testamentary succession of all the communities

Extends:

This Act Extend to the all states of India except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

Applicable:
This Act is Applicable to a Hindu, Budhist, Jaina and sikh and to any person other than muslim , christian, parsi or jew.

Share of the Widow:

1/3 of the state shall devolve upon the widow & remaining 2/3 shall go to the lineal descendants.

Share of Children:

After deducting the widow's share the remaining estate shall go to the child of the deceased or equally among the children of the deceased.

Rules where there have no children:

Where the deceased have no children, 1/2 of the property of the deceased has given to the widow and remaining 1/2 to the father.

2. Hindu Marriage Act-1955:

The Hindu Marriage Act make provision for the marriage, registration, restitution of conjugal rights, judicial separation and divorce etc.

Extends:

This Act extends to the all states of India except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

Applicable:

This act is applicable to a Hindu, Budhist, Jaina and sikh and to any person other than muslim ,christian, parsi or jew.

Conditions for Hindu Marriage:

The groom should completed the age of 21 years and the bride 18 years.
The parties are not within the prohibited relationship unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits.
The parties are not sapindas of each other unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits.

Ceremonies for Hindu Marriage:

A Hindu Marriage may be solemnized as per the customary rites and ceremonies of either party. The marriage becomes complete and binding when the "Seventh Steps" has completed.

Registration of HIndu Marriage:

To facilitate the proof of Hindu marriage the state government may make rules for the registration of Hindu marriages.

3. Hindu Minority & Guardianship Act-1956:

Under this act, the term HIndu means Hindu, Budhist, jaina or sikh.

Extension:

This Act extends to the all states of India except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

Natural guardian of a Hindu Minor:

In the case of a boy or an unmarried girl, the father and after him the mother, however the custody of a minor who had not completed the age of five years shall generally be with the mother.
In the case of an illegitimate boy or an illegitimate un-married girl the mother and after her the father
In case of a married girl the husband
The natural guardian of a Hindu Minor has the power to do necessary, proper and reasonable acts for the benefit of the minor or for the realization, protection or benefit of a minor's estate but heshalln't bind the minor by a Personal covenant.
Where the Minor is a girl the guardian so appointed shall cease in her marriage.

4. Law of Adoption:

Extention:

This Act extends to the all states of India except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

Requisities for a Valid Adoption:

No adoption shall be valid unless-

The person adopting, has the capacity and right to do so
The person giving in adoption has the capacity to do so
The person adopted is capable of being taken in adoption &
The adoption is made in accordance with the provisions of this Act(sec-6)

Capacity of a Male Hindu to adopt a child:

Any male Hindu who is of sound mind but not a minor has the capacity to take a son or daughter in adoption, if he has a wife her prior concern is require.

Capacity of a female Hindu to adopt a child:

A female Hindu has the capacity to take a son or daughter in adoption if-

She is not having sound mind
She is not a minor
She is not married or if married get permission from her husband

Muslim Personal Law

The different Muslim Personal Laws

1.Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
2.Muslim Personal Law of Marriage and Divorce
3. Muslim Law of Inheritance

1. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
The Law made with the principles of Quran is called as Shariat or Muslim Personal Law. It has been the cherished desire of the Muslims of British India and all the Muslim Women Organizations to change the customary laws, as it adversely affected their rights. They demanded that the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) be applicable to them.
To achieve Muslim Personal Law, Bill No-39 of 1935 was introduced in the Legislative Assembly on 26th September, 1935.

Hiba:
Hiba literally means, the donation of a thing from, which the done may desire a benefit.

2.Muslim personal Law of Marriage and Divorce
According to the Muslim Personal Law marriage (Nikah) is a civil contract.
The object of the marriage may be to legalise sexual intercourse and for procreation of children. Under this law every person governed by Muslim Law is capable of becoming a party to the marriage. The parties to the marriage should be of sound mind and have attained the age of puberty.
The requirement of a marriage is a proposal (i Jab) and acceptance of proposal shall be made by the parties to the marriage or by their agents or by guardians in case of incompetent persons like minors.
Unlwful Conjunction:
No person should have two wives at the same time who are related to each other by consanguinity affinity or fosterage. For example, a person can’t marry the sister of his wife but he can do so after the depth or divorce of the first one.
The Divorce of Muslim women is entitled to

A reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to be made and paid to her within the Iddat period by her formal husband.
Where she herself maintains the children born to her Divorce, a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to be paid and made by her formal husband for a period of two years, from the respective date of birth of such children.
An amount equal to the sum of Mahr (Bride-Price) or Dowry agreed to be paid to her at the time of her marriage or at any time thereafter according to Muslim Law.
All the properties given to her before or at the time of marriage or after the marriage by her relatives, friends, husband or any relative of her husband or his friends.

The dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act-1939
Grounds for decree for dissolution of marriage are under below-

That the where about of the husband have not been known for the period of four year
That the husband has neglected or has failed to provide for her maintenance for period of two years
That the husband is sentenced to imprisonment for a period of Seven years or upwards
hat the husband is impatant at the time of the marriage and continue to be so
That the husband is insane for the period of two years or is suffering from Leprosy or any chronic disease

3. Muslim law of inheritance
Muslim are mainly governed by two schools of Laws as Hanafi School for Sunni Muslims and Shia School for Shia Muslims. The distribution of property take place only after the disadvantage of funeral expenses, debts and legacies of the deceased.
Sharers and their share under sun-in-law

The share of the father in the property of his son or daughter is 1/6. But father becomes residuary when the propositus die without leaving any child.
The share of the mother in the property of her son or daughter dying intestate is 1/6.
The maternal grand mother gets 1/6, only if there is no mother or nearer grand mother
The paternal grand mother gets 1/6 only if there is no mother, no father, no grand father
Husbands share is ¼. But his share will be ½ if propositus dies without leaving a child
The share of the wife is 1/8. But her share is 1/4, if the propositus dies without leaving any child.
The daughter’s share will be ½ if she is the only daughter. But if there have more than one daughter, they together take 2/3.

Child Labour& Government Plan of Action

Child Labour is one of the major problems which India is facing though there are clear provisions in our Constitution to safeguard the interest of the children. According to the International Labour Organization almost one billion children are working for their survival/ The United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates that in India there are more than 35 million child labourers, accounting for 14% of children in the 5-14 years age group.

Based on the recommendations of Gurupadswamy Committee the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act was enacted in 1986. The Act prohibits the employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations. In consonance with the above approach a National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987.

Salient points in different Plan period

Expansion of NCLP to additional 150 districts under 10th Plan period
Reinforced action to eliminate child labour in the hazardous occupations
Linking the child labour elimination efforts with the scheme of SarvaShikshaAbhiyan to ensure that children (5-8 years) get directly admitted to regular schools.
On the 11th Plan period, establishment of Central Monitoring Committee (CMC) on Child Labour has also recommended to eliminate child labour

Dimensions of Research Design

The research design implies planning of research. Research design is necessary to remember and give a shape or design. Research design or model makes possible to give a overall evaluation to the total plan.

The major design decisions are in reference to the following aspects:

Why the study is being made?
Where the data needed, can be found?
Where or in what area the study will be carried out?
What period of time the study will include?
How much material or how many cases will be needed?
What bases will be used for selection of cases?
What techniques of gathering data will be adopted?
How will the data be analysed?
How best can these above questions be decided upon and decisions articulated in a manner that the research purpose will be achieved with minimum expenditure of money, time and energy?

Dimensions of Research Design:

Control over the Universe
Resource
Contact persons
Appointment of local people in social lab
Patronage

1. Control over the Universe:

Universe is a very broad concept. But here Universe means the particular area where a researcher practice his research. It have also different dimensions which have different functions as-

It may be related to place/region
Person/demography
Various variables, data and facts
The valid and relevant logic or jurisdiction
It's co-related with universe for comparison

2. Resource:

Resource includes time and money for research design. In case of social research the time is limited for 2 to 3 years. So the financial constraints are there to includes fellowship and scholarship for limited period of time. So availability of resource and maintenance of it is necessary.

3. Contact persons:

The contact persons are the opinion builders. They are opinion builders and conscience of the people. They mobilise the community in favour of research topic and the researcher. So that a researcher can enter into his universe to conduct research.

4. Appointment of local people in social lab:

Social Laboratory may be centre to create awareness among the persons and communities irrespective of their caste, creed, religion etc. A researcher must keep some persons in that lab, who are very much thorough knowledge in their local language, customs, dialect and speech. It is a centre to attract the research subjects. It reduces the time and the scholar needn't go to the subject for the collection of dis-aggregate data, on the other hand people come to him voluntarily to provide informations. This lab contains different posters and other documentary equipments to provide vivid picture about the research design and its practice.

5. Patronage:

A researcher wants helping hands. It is the dimension of research designing in the sense that a researcher has to identify helping hands to complete research, while drawing the design, he should take the help of friends & peer groups.

The Great Reformers and the Socio-Religious Reform Movement

· Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was popularly known as the 'Father of Indian Renaissance ' was born on 22nd May 1772 in a Brahmin family in Bengal. With his gifted brain, he learnt many languages and studied several scriptures of different religions like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sufism etc. He was influenced by the Western culture and spread the message of Unity of religions and rationality. He was against of the practice of Idol Worship, blind faith and religious rituals.

He founded the AtmiyaSabha in 1815 and the BrahmoSamaj on 20th August 1828. Through this Institutions he fought against Orthodox Hindus and the fanatic Christian Missionaries.
He was against of Sati system, Polygamy, Child marriage, Caste system and Untouchability. He was the great supporter of Inter-caste marriage, women education, Widow remarriages etc.
Ram Mohan started publishing Newspapers and Magazines for which he was called the 'Father of Indian Journalism'.

Swami DayanandaSaraswati
Swami Dayanada born in 1824 in a small town of Gujurat. Swami DayanandaSaraswati, the founder of the 'AryaSamaj' was one of the maker of Modern India. Taking inspiration from Veda, he criticized evil practices like Idol Worship, Caste system, untouchability etc. Dayananda wrote books like Ratnamala and Bharat Nirvana.

His AryaSamaj gave emphasis on the liberation of the Hindu Society. He called people ‘Go back to the Veda’ created consciousness among the people. He strongly opposed Idol worship, ritualism, practice of animal sacrifice, the idea of Heaven etc. This movement also challenged the Christian Missionaries who tried to convert the uneducated, poor and depressed classes of the Hindus.

Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda was another important Social Reformer who brought spiritual reawakening among the Indians in the 19th Century, popularly known as the ‘Intellectual Monk of India’ He was born in Calcutta on 12th, January, 1863. He began his life of wondering all over the country with his message of ‘Awakened India’ or ‘Prabhuda Bharat’.

He set-up ‘Ramakrishna Mission’ on 1st May, 1897. According to him, ‘Man is the maker of his own Destiny. The whole world has been made by the energy of man, by the power of faith’.
He believes in that types of education which enables one to stand on her/his own leg. His preaching said ‘All religions are pathways to the same God’.

Human Rights Movement

1. B.R.Ambedkar started ‘Mahad Satyagraha’ in 1927 A.D. Whose main aim is to provide adequate right to the common people which is the gift of nature like drinking water, free air and working on rules and he advised the Dalits publicly to burn the Manu Smriti. Making the scripture responsible for dis-organisation and dimorolization of the Hindu Society.

2. Simon Commission (1927)
B.R.Ambedkar got an opportunity to putforth demand of the backword classes and made constitutional provisions for a political structure in India those are as follows-

Structure of the central and provincial Govt
Provincial autonomy of administration
Industrialisation of the Indian Civil services
Constitution of the state public service commission
Special facilities for the backward classes

3. Turning Point: (1932)
B.R.Ambedkar started temple entry movement in Nasik on 1930, demanded for “Swaraj” (Self Rule).
In the Round table conference, Ambedkar demanded right of the Dalits, that made as the writ between Gandhiji and Ambedkar.

4. The Pune Pact
The Pune Pact was sign on 24th Sept,1933 between Gandhi and Ambedkar, that gave birth to Reservation of seats for the Back Ward Classes.

5. Drafted the Constitution (1946-1950)
Ambedkar is called as the Father of the Indian Constitution, with the longest Constitution and largest democracy. It enshrines Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and guarantedsovereignity for all.
Article 17 of the Constitution speaks for the Abolition of Untauchability& special provision for the upliftment of S.C & S.Ts. There have also provision of One man One vote.

6. Revival of Budhism
Ambedkar with his millions of followers accepted Budhism in October 14, 1956. It was better known to history as “Nagpur’s great Conversion”. It was a protest against Hinduism. He called upon the world population from British Broadcast corporation to ambraceBudhism based on Pragyana (knowledge) ,samokta (equality) and karuna (kindness).

India’s Tribal Children & Education

India is the World’s largest democracy, yet over one-third of its population is unable to read and write. A disproportionate share of India’s illiterate population is confined to cover 130,000 tribal (Vanavasi) villages. Over ninety percent of India’s tribal citizens are unable to read. The future of 40 million children living in abject poverty is being stifled by a lack of educational opportunity. India must include the children of its most interior communities to progress. Literacy is the key to the true sustainable empowerment of India’s ignored tribal population.

There were 16 million ST children (10.87 million of 6-11 years and 5.12 million of 11-14 years) as of
March 2001, out of the total child population in India of about 193 million in the age group of 6 to 14
years (Selected Educational Statistics – 2000-01, Government of India). Education of ST children is
considered important, not only because of the Constitutional obligation but also as a crucial input for Total development of tribal communities.

The interventions being promoted in States includes-
• Schools, education guarantee centres and alternative schools in tribal habitations for non-enrolled
and drop-out children;
• Textbooks in the mother tongue for children at the beginning of the primary education cycle,
when they do not understand the regional language. Suitably adapted curriculum and the
availability of locally relevant teaching and learning materials for tribal students

HIV and AIDS - A General Overview

December 1st is observed every year as World AIDS Day. This day is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection. On this day, we often see people wearing the 'Red Ribbon'. What does it signify? The Red Ribbon is the global symbol for response and solidarity with HIV positive people and those living with AIDS.

Red like love to those affected
Red like blood, the suffering AIDS caused
Red like anger that makes us take action
Red like a warming not to ignore HIV/AIDS

AIDS has killed more than 25 million people, and there is an estimated 38.6 million people living with HIV, making it done of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. A major concern in this unprecedented impact on development impact on development is that the highest occurrence of HIV infection is in the 18 to 40 years age group, which constitute the most economically productive workforce in the country.
Fifty per cent of India's one billion population falls into this young and sexually active group. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 in Chennai.

The joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) notes that, "25 years, HIV has spread relentlessly from a few widely scattered 'hot spots' to virtually every country in the world, infecting 65 million people and killing 25 million".

Merits & Demerits of Joint-Family

Joint family we means a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food , cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common, who participate in common family worship & who are related to each other. Joint family or traditional family is recognize as a set of social relationships and a functioning unit.

Definition:
According to Chandra Shekhar, "In a word joint family is simple, the common ownership of means of production & common enjoyment of fruits of labor".

Merits of Joint Family:

Protection against distress & unemployment
Common security
Joint responsibility
Old age security
Tolerance & mutual co-operation
Reservation of family tradition
Check on individual interest

Demerits of Joint family:

Joint family give raise to dependency
Hindrance to social mobility
Sloth(in activeness) & laziness
Jealousy & quarrel
Measurable condition of women
child marriage
Absence of privacy
Lack of individuality

Child Labor in India

Large scale exploitation of children for a free or cheap labor has been a bane of Independent India. In India the estimates range from 20 million to 10 million children are engaged in a variety of industries, mines, dhaba as carpet making, plastic and rope weaving, diamond cutting, biscuit making.

It is estimated that from every 24 people, 18 are children who died in hunger in every one minute in India and so that hunger is called as a reason for making a child 'labor'.
The employment of children act, 1986, the factories act, 1948 are to prevent child from the hazardous work.

According to the child labor act-2006, "No child below the age of 14, should work in any hazardous place, dhaba, hotel or working as a domestic servant .

Other rules as:
No person, including a parent or guardian shall employ any child in any employment.
No person, including a parent or guardian shall deprive any child from access to
education by employing the child in any work.

If any person employs any child for any work—
(i) if he is the parent or guardian of the child, he shall be punished with a fine of
rupees five thousand; and
(ii) if he is in charge of any factory, establishment or organisation, he shall be
punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend up to seven years and a fine
of rupees fifty thousand.
The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any other
law for the time being in force relating to child labor.

· May be registered, may not be registered

Their programmes are based on social welfare
V.Os are receive funds from donor agencies
They make plan and programmes by their own
V.Os are non-formal
Having cooperation among the members

Characteristics:

Membership of V.Os are purely voluntary
V.Os are formed through the initiative of persons interest
V.Os are neither formed nor run for profit making
V.Os are governed by their own set of rules
They have first hand experience and knowledge
They are more closer to people

Principles and ideology of voluntary organisation:

Voluntary organisations are working according to the need of the communities people
Concerned with improving and increasing the services require by the community
Helps groups, community to develop their skills
Should work with the professional ethics
It help people to help themselves
Helps to secure People's participation

Types of Diseases

A Disease is a disturbed state of body or mind. The term 'Disease' itself means without ease or discomfort. The disease can be in any part of the body and due to malfunctioning of the body organ for some or the other reason. For time immemorial, man has tried to understand the nature and cause of diseases and has tried to cure them.

Types of Diseases:

Congenital Disease
Acquired Disease

Congenital Disease

These diseases are present at the time of birth. They could be due to genetic defect or due to malfunctioning of any organ or system. They are permanent and generally not curable.

Acquired Disease:

The acquired diseases develop after Birth and can be broadly classified into two types.

Communicable disease
Noncommunicable disease

Communicable Disease:

Communicable disease are those diseases that can be spread from diseased persons to a healthy person. They are transmitted from water, food, physical contact and insects.

Types of Communicable disease:

Respiratory Tract Infection(Small Pox, Whooping cough,TB etc.)
Intestinal Infection(Typhoid, Cholera, Food poisoning etc.)
Zoonosis(Rabies, Yellow fever,Plague etc.)
Surface Infection(Titanus, STD,AIDS etc.)

Non Communicable Diseases

Non communicable diseases are not communicate from one person to another. There have many types of non communicable diseases we found as

Diabetes
Hypertension
Cancer

Diabetes:
The lack of Pancreas and pituitary is the main cause of Diabetes.

Types of Diabetes:

Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes Insidious

Diabetes Mellitus:
It occurs due to lack of Insulin. Mainly people are suffer with diabetes mellitus than to insidious.
There are three types of diabetes mellitus as:

IDDM (Insulin Dependent diabetes Mellitus)
NIDDM (Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
Malnutrition related

Diabetes insidious:

This types of disease is occur due to lack of ADH(Anti Diuretic Hormone)
Definition:
It is a chronic metabolic disorder which occurs due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin resulting polyurea, polydisia and polyphagia.

Symptoms:

Delay healing in wounds

Skin eruption

Prevention & control:

Primordial Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

Primordial and primary prevention:

Lifestyle change
Maintenance of body weight
Daily exercise
Avoid sugar

Secondary prevention:

The steps which are taken after the occurrence of a disease as:
Maintain Blood glucose level
Maintain ideal body weight
Maintain the diet
Anti diabetic drugs must be taken
Regular check-up of kidney, BP, eyes etc

Tertiary prevention:

The steps which has been taken after completion of any diseases or after iceberg or any disease.
Regularly consult the Doctor
Regular Check-up

Hypertension
High Blood pressure is the cause of Hypertension.
Hypertension is a chronic condition which effect heart, brain and blood vessels.
Blood supply by the heart to the different part of the body. It acts as a pumping machine.
It is a very difficult to define hypertension because its differ from person to person according to his age.
Generally when the pressure exerted by Blood towards the vessels wall called Blood Pressure.
The normal BP is about 120/80 mm. When the pressure is highly exerted by blood it called Hypertension.

Stages of Hypertension:
1st stage - No change
2nd stage – It effect heart, eye and artery
3rd stage – Signs and symptoms are appear

Others as:

Cardiac failure
pain in Heart
Brain stroke
Bleeding inside the eyes
Renal failure

Prevention & control of Hypertension:

Primordial Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

Primordial Prevention:

Free from stress
Avoid alcohol
Take nutritious food
Morning exercise, yoga

Primary prevention:

Population strategy
Hygysk strategy

Population strategy:

Use nutritious food, Maintenance of body weight, free from stress, yoga and morning exercise

Higysk strategy:
Identification of the problem, regular health check-up, health education about the complication

Secondary prevention:

Regular health check-up
Diet control
Morning walk
Reduction of salt

Tertiary prevention:
There have no tertiary prevention for hypertension because after the completion of disease the patient will suffer with cardiac, renal damage or brain stroke.
Cancer:
Cancer is a irregular and irreversible proliferation (Growth) of cell. Cancer may be regarded as a group of diseases characterized by Abnormal growth of cell. adjacent tissues

Causes of Cancer:

Environmental factor
Genetic factor

Environmental factor:

1. Occupational exposer
Exposer to heat, light, cold, chemical, chromium, dust etc.
2. Virus exposer
Hepatitis B & C virus
HIV & CMV Virus
3. Habit & lifestyle
Alcohol(Liver cancer)
Tobacco (it causes lung cancer, mouth & kidney cancer)
4. Dietary factor:
Fish (stomach cancer)
Beef (cancer in Intestine)
Genetic factor:
The genetic factor effected Minimum 10% of people. Rest 80-90% people suffered with cancer due to environment.

Prevention & control:

Primodial prevention:

Early diagnosis and treatment
Control of tobacco and alcohol
Occupational exposer

Primary prevention:

Loss of appetites
Weight loss
Bleeding from different part of the body

Secondary prevention:

Regular check-up
Hospital admission
Cancer registration

Tertiary prevention:

There have no tertiary prevention for cancer. The last stage of cancer leads to Death.

Types of Communicable Diseases

TypesofCommunicable Diseases:
communicable diseases are communicate from one person to another. There have many types of non communicable diseases we found as:

1. Respiratory Tract Infection(Small Pox, Whooping cough,TB etc.
2. Intestinal Infection(Typhoid, Cholera, Food poisoning etc.)
3. Zoonosis(Rabies, Yellow fever,Plague etc.)
4. Surface Infection(Titanus, STD,AIDS etc.)

Tuberculosis(TB)
Tuberculosis is commonly known as TB effects millions of people every year. It was first discovered by Robert Koch in 1822. It is highly infectious disease that spreads from one person to another directly or indirectly. Every year more than 10 million people get affected by it in India.

Mode of Spread:
TB caused by Bacteria 'Mycobacterium Tuberculosis'.
TB spread by

Droplet Infection
By inhaling the droplets thrown out into the air by the infected person while coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting
On contact with sputum or through contaminated food, water or clothes

Part of the body infected:
Tuberculosis bacteria can be infect any part of the body, mainly to the bone, Lymph, gland, brain or lung.

Symptom:

Loss of appetite
Gradual weakening of the body
A typical fever pattern
Pain in Chest and throat
Loss of body weight

Technical and medical arrangement:

Clinic system
Hospital and Sanitarium
Admit patient in hospital
Tuberculosis colonies should arranged near sanitarium or clinic
Coordination with the health officer, Doctors and dispensaries

Cholera

Cholera is a highly infectious disease. It is commonly called as "Haiza". Since it spreads through water, it is more common during fairs and after floods. If proper sanitary and hygienic conditions are not maintained, it spread over a large population that is takes an epidemic form.

Mode of Spread:

Cholera is caused by the bacterium 'vibrio cholerae fig'. It is mainly a water borne disease. It is transmitted by flies and spread rapidly where sanitation is poor.

Symptom:

Loose motion and vomiting
Patient feels thirsty
Weakness
Loss of appetites

Prevention and control:

Boiled water should be used
Avoid eating outside during epidemic
Drain should be kept neat & clean

Rabies

Rabies is a serious and highly infectious disease which results due to the bite of a rabbit(mad dog) or some other mammals like monkey, cat or rabbit. It is a fatal disease if not treated properly and on time.

Causes and mode of Infection:

Rabies is caused by a rabies virus which is present in the saliva of infected animals. If effects the Brain of the animal.

Symptoms:

In human, symptoms of the disease may not be expressed up to 1-3 months after infection. But it may develop anytime between 10 days to 1 year.

Mental depression
severe headache
high fever
expressive pain in the throat, muscles and chest
Severe damage to central nervous caused paralysis & painful death

Prevention & control:

Clean the wound thoroughly with large amount of medicated soap and clean water. Apply antiseptic medicine and leave the wound open
Consult with the Doctor for anti-rabies vaccine without delay. Use of Minimum 14 anti-rabies vaccine
Pet dogs should always be vaccinated with anti-rabies vaccine

STD

STD we means the Sexual Transmitted Disease. This is a specific group of communicable disease that are transmitted through unsafe sexual contacts with multiple partners. There are five classical diseases included in STD as:-

Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Chancroid
Lympho granuloma venereum
Donovanosis

Causes of STD:

Broker homes causes sexual disharmony
Urbanization and Industrialization
Alcoholism
Family disturbance
International travelling
Weekend in defence service

Control and prevention:

Aware common people & sex worker
Counselling

Personality Theory

Personality:
Personality we mean out-word appearance, inner self & an interaction between two.Personality is derived from the Greek word, “Personnare” which means to speak through. It’s a mask approach, outer appearance.
Personality is believe as out word appearance by Roman Identity. They identify ones personality through mask.Difference characteristics of an individual as real capability, uniqueness, expression, attitude, dress-up and good personality is because of inner self.Personality is a dynamic state of mind. It’s changeable with the time, situation. Personality is “The some total of individual behaviour”.
Personality is-

The dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho physical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment
The relative consists pattern of behaviour, thinking & feeling distinguish one from another. Personality is unique from person to person.
One can adjust with the society because of personality.

Nature & Characteristics of personality:
1) Personality reflects individual difference
2) Personality is consists & enduring
3) Personality is a result of heredity, environmental factors & the situation conditions
4) Personality can dynamic (changeable)

1. Personality reflects individual difference:
Personality is different from person to person. The way of thinking, behaviour, feelings and attitude of a person is different that to others.Any ones personality is different & based upon his family, surrounding environment & situation.

2. Personality is consisting & enduring:
Personality of a person is consistent means, it’s constantly stay with a person. Personality of a person is like a shadow of a body. It’s may changeable but constant and enduring. It’s a never ending process.

3. Personality is a result of heredity, environmental factors & the situation conditions:
Some behaviour, attitude of a person comes from his for-father, through genes & chromosomes. So it’s called hereditary. It’s also environmental because when a child grow up she/he can observe & learn many things from her/his family, pioneer group, culture and social institution. According to which a person s personality is build up.

4. Personality is dynamic:
Personality is those dimension, which is change from person to person and time to time and place to place. Either in a Institution or in a home, in a different place we behave differently.

Theories of Personality
1) Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud’s Theory)
2) Type Theory
3) Trait Theory
4) Neo-Freudian Personality Theory
5) Social Learning Theory
6) Self Theory

1.Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud’s Theory):
Psychoanalytic schools of thought is a popular school of thought. It’s headed by Sigmo& Freud. According to the Psychoanalytic theory all the behaviour of a person is due to the instinct (Inner urge) and its instinct is based on Birth (Libido) & death (Thanatos).Libido is called as the source of energy whereas Thanatos is for depression. Those who influence with Livido is always positive in nature.
According to Freud There have 3 Layers of mind:
-Consciousness
-Unconsciousness
-Sub-consciousness
There have also 3 structures of human mind;
-Id
-Ego
-Super ego

2.Type Theory:
Jung’s Psychognomy Theory
Sheldon’s Psychognomy Theory
Jung’s Psychognomy Theory:
Jung’s Theory is different from Freud”s Theory.
He has taken 4 dimensions for the building of personality as-
-Sensing Thinking
-Instituting Thinking
-Sensing Feeling
-Intuiting feeling
Taking this four dimensions he gave 2 dimensions of Personality as-
1.Extrovert
2.Introvert
Extrovert:
Ø Extroverts are those, who are the out-going, optimistic, gregarious
Ø They are sociable
Ø They are reality oriented and practicable
Ø They believe in doing rather than thinking
Ø They like interaction with others

Introvert:
Ø They are much in word directed
Ø Less sociable
Ø They are guided by their own idea & Philosophy
Ø They are subjective oriented
Ø They are calm & quite
Ø They like solitude

Sheldon’s Theory:
According to Sheldon there have 3 types of personality as-
Ø Endomorphos (Characteristics – Jovial, Bulky)
Ø Mesomorphos (Strong, athletic )

Ø Ectomorts (Avoid social contact, remain absent of mind)

3.Trait Theory:
Trait means the quality and characteristics.. All ports theory given-
*Social
*Political
*Religious
R.B.Cattles given two types of trait:
Surface trait (Invisible)
Source Trait (Visible)

4.Neo-Freudian Theory:
Neo-Freudian criticized the Freud’s theory. Waston is great supporter of this theory. According to him the personality of an individual is not for the instinct but only for the behaviour.

5.Social learning Theory:
Social learning means learn from society. It can happen by
-Observation
-Modelling

Social learning process has some phases as
*Attention
*Retention
*Motor production
*Reinforcement process

6.Self theory:
Self esteem is two types-
*How you value yourself

*How other value you
Self theory defines self as 2 types as-
*High self (Prestige conscious & Take more risks)
*Low self (Blame others & discuss about others)

Leader & Leadership quality

Leader:
In a complex society of today the concept of leadership has perhaps attracted the attention of every Individual in the society. From home, institution to form a nation Leadership is essential.

Leadership means “To Lead”.
Leadership is one who have the quality of advancement, prominent and excel. Leader is success with the follower. A Leader is one who motivate& take in confidence to the all group members.

Definition:
According to Sheriff & Sheriff,” A Leader is the member with the top status in an organizational hierarchy.”

Role & Functions of a Leader:

Skill of interpretational relationship
Build group structure
Planning & decision making
Policy maker
Executive
Expert
External representative of the group
Having available information
Purveyor of rewards & punishments
Mediator
Exemplar

Types of Leadership:

I. Autocratic Leader
Autocratic Leader is one who don’t give scope to the any other members and take group decisions by their own will. They are very much selfish in nature.

II. Democratic Leader
Target is always made by the Leader but she/he can give independence scope the group members to provide their own opinion.

III. Visionary Leader
Visionary Leader is one who havea ambition, vision to achieve the goal as our former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

IV. Transformational Leader
With the revolutionary mind , the leader who achieve the goal & change the society in some extend is called as a Transformational Leader.
Exp: Subhashch. Bose

V. Charismatic Leader:
These types of Leader are called as God gifted Leader. They have some in-born quality to tackle any situation easily and achieve the goal more positively.

VI. Man made Leader:
The Leader who lead through power, sympathy is a Man made Leader.

Social case work & its other functions

Social case work :

Social case work is a work perform by a Social Worker with a case or a individual to solve her/his problems and help in that extent that she/he can adjust and develop within the society. It’s used by the professional Social Worker. The social work deals with the psycho-socio problem of an individual.

Definition:
1st. According to Safrad, ”Social Case Work is a method employed by a social worker to help individual, find a solution of their problem of social adjustment which they are unable to handle in a satisfactory way by their own effort.”

2nd. Mary Richmond (In 1917) defined,” Social Case Work may be defined as the Art of doing different things with different people, co-operating with them to achieve some of their own & societies betterment.”

Objectives of Social Case Work:

To make good Rapport with the common people
To find-out, understand & solve the internal problems of an Individual
To strengthen ones ego power
To prevent problem
To develop internal resources

Nature & Characteristics of Case Work:
Relationship arise out of shared & emotionally charged situation
Relationship contains elements of acceptance, expectation, support & stimulation
Client & case worker are interdependent
Case work relationship may have several therapentic values:
Improvement of condition
More adjustment within the society
Development of personality
Capacity building
Relationship needs outside help
Case worker too has relationship reactions and part of and part of ones professional skills in their management
Components/elements of case work:

1) Purpose & concern for the Cline system
A purpose to find-out internal problems & try to solve it and a concern to make good rapport, feel ones feelings and aims at individualized service

2) Expectation at three level
-Expectation of the case worker from the client, how the case worker feels about the clients ability & what extend client support anybody
-Expectation of the client from the Case worker
-Positive result in the period of interaction

3) Accuracy of Empathy and clear communication
- Think positively in others point of view
- What extent you are sympathetic
- Ability to perceive & communicate accurately & feel
- Case worker should be sensitive to express feelings towards client by voice, posture and good communication
4) Non Possessive warmth
Give respect, acceptance, liking, caring and concern for the client in a non- dominating way.

5) Genuineness and acceptance
Case worker mist be practical in nature. He must be a person of genuineness being real, honest in their approach and never go beyond her/his limit.

6) Authority
Case worker must have a capacity to handle any situation, being resourceful and helpful
Having knowledge, attitude, experience and a position to identify and solve internal problem of client

Principles of Case work:

I. Individualization
II. Purposeful expression of feelings
III. Control of Emotion
IV. Self determination
V. Acceptance
VI. Principle of non-judgmental attitude
VII. Principle of Confidentiality

I. Individualization:
Individualization means analyze an individual not from a single aspect but from a various of aspects. Every Individual is different from others & unique in itself. Problem of every individual is different from another & depend upon her/his intelligence, so the mode of helping (Technique) must be according to the Intellectual level, socio-economic situation and ego strength, ones capacity and resource.

II. Purposeful expression of feelings :
Case worker must give the chance to the client to express her/his feelings freely, especially her/his negative feelings because maximum time feelings are negative in nature. The case worker listen purposefully clients feelings neither praising nor condemning. Don’t point out any one as good or bad because of ones psycho-social problems.

III. Control emotional involvement:
Without feel any ones emotion with sensitivity it’s impossible to find-out her/his problem & get a solution of that problem.
Emotion comes from 3 ways as
- Sensitivity
-Understanding
-Response

IV. Self determination:
Self determination we means let the client to take her/his own decision in own way, give chance her/him to decide, what is Wright or wrong for them.

V. Acceptance:
A case worker must be accept an individual as a person of “worth & dignity”, not treat as a problem and always accept ones positive feelings don’t negative feelings

VI. Non-Judgmental attitude:
A Case worker mustn’t have the right to judge any one as guilty or innocent.

VII. Principle of Confidentiality:
Case work relationship have a principle to take the problems of the client in a confidence to remain secret.

The Concept of Drug Abuse

Drug:
Drug is high dose of medicine , it may be Alcohol or any other abuse which stimulate the Brain. Whatever the root may be drug enter into the body & mix with Blood. Every toxic enter into the liver 1st. after processing in liver it is trafficking to the other parts of body.
Abuse:
Abuse means the drug which is taken without the consult of Doctor.
Drug abuse as drug dependence:
Drug abuse or substance abuse is recently named by the World Health Organisation (WHO), as drug dependence.
It’s named like that, because when a person totally depend upon drug for a long time he/she has a fear of withdrawal syndrome. Because Brain demand drug because of its habit. So Drug is also called as a Brain Disease.
Functions of Drug:
· It stimulate the Brain Cell
· Block ones thought process
· Create Euphoria (Extreme happiness which remain for a while)
· Create Schizophrenia

The ways of taking Drugs:
§ Inhalation – Through nose
§ Ingestion – Through Mouth
§ Injection – Through Blood

Blood and its Functions

Meaning of Blood:
Blood is a liquid connective tissue, consists of Plasma (Fluid part) and Cell (Solid part).
Functions of Blood:

Blood carry Oxygen and essential nourishment through arteries to every living tissue in the body.
Carbon Dioxide and waste products such as urea are removed by the Blood through Veins.
It controls body temperature
Blood defends against infections
Blood is act as a transported of all gases and supply to different part of body.
It is also called as the Defencemechanism.It fight against Bacteria & prevent entry of organism

The quantity of Blood:

A healthy man has about 5 Litre of Blood in the body, while a women has about 500ml. less than man.

Constituents of Blood:

There are two main constituents of Blood as Solid or Cellular part"Blood Cell"(consisting of 35%) & Fluid or humoral part called "Plasma"(65%).

Types of Blood Cell:

RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles)
WBC (White Blood Corpuscles)
Platelets

RBC:

The RBC, which are called Erythrocytes are disc shaped cells. It is visible under a microscope. They have no nucleus. It contain a pigment called Haemoglobin which gives Blood its red color. Haemoglobin is composed of an Iron containing pigment called haema and a protein called globin. In a normal human being the amount of haemoglobin is about 14-15.6 cubic whereas in a woman it is about 11-14 grams. RBCs are produced in the spleen and the bone-marrow at the rate of 1.2 million corpuscles per second. In a life time the Bone marrow creates about half a tone of RBC.

RBC formation of a baby started from the 3rd week of intra-uterin life.

Functions of RBC:

Haemoglobin in the RBC picks up Oxygen in the lung tissue by forming a chemical compound with it
Oxygen reactions with the products of digestion in order to produce energy
Carbon dioxide produced in these reactions and returns to the lungs via the heart where cycle starts again

Value of RBC:
6000 to 11,000

WBC:

The WBC are the White blood corpuscles are the soldier of the body's defend system. They are a little larger than RBC.

Functions of WBC:

Neutrophils are attack the invading bacteria. Lymphocytes are second, they produce anti-bodies. Antibodies protect the body against antigen, foreign substance like Bacteria, viruses, toxins etc.

Value of WBC:

3 million to 5 million

Blood Platelets:

This is a substance which sets off blood clotting, a mechanism that seals tears in Blood Vessels. Blood Platelets live only for a few hours.

Value of Platelets:

450,000 to 1150,000

Human Rights in Indian Context

The concept of Human Rights in its expanding comprehension, has now travelled to encompass what are called "third generation" rights which includes : right to self determination, right regarded as belonging to people rather than individual, right to sovereignty over natural wealth and resources of the country and, right to development as well as rights of disadvantaged groups to special protection. Thus the road travelled by Human Rights movement has been historic and impressive.

Growing realization of governments, activists, elite, opinion builders and constitutionalists that constitutions of most of the nations believing in rule of law incorporate explicitly or implicitly the provisions of various International Covenants on Human Rights in one way or the other. For example, the Founding Fathers in India incorporated in the Constitution most of the rights enumerated in the Universal Declaration in two parts - the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principle of State Policy that covered almost the entire field of Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The first set of rights enunciated in Article 2 to 21 of the Declaration and incorporated under the Fundamental Rights. Article 12 to 35 of the Constitution and the second set of rights enunciated in Article 22 to 28 of the Declaration are incorporated under Directive Principles - Article 36 to 51 of the Constitution. This led to the realization that Human Rights have a significant role to play in the national context.

Domestic Violence in India

Domestic Violence in India
Domestic Violence can be described as when one adult in a relationship misuses power to control another. It is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The violence may involve physical abuse, sexual assault and threats. Sometimes it’s more subtle, like making someone feel worthless, not letting them have any money, or not allowing them to leave the home. Social isolation and emotional abuse can have long-lasting effects as well as physical violence. Domestic Violence isn't just hitting, or fighting, or an occasional argument. It's an abuse of power. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation, and physical violence.

Although both men and women can be abused, in most cases, the victims are women. Children in homes where there is domestic violence are also abused or neglected. Although the woman is usually the primary target, violence is sometimes directed toward children, and sometimes toward family members and friends.Many women in India are the victims of domestic abuse.

Domestic violence is a CRIME and you must seek help.Domesticviolence:Domestic violence can take many forms and variations and can happen once in a while or all at the same time. Domestic violence can be Psychological Abuse, Social Abuse, Financial Abuse, Physical Assault or Sexual Assault. Violence can be criminal and includes physical assault or injury (hitting, beating, shoving, etc.), sexual abuse ( forced sexual activity), or stalking.

How children can get affected by domestic violence at home:
1) Children can themselves get physically abused or hurt.
2) Witnessing violence actions can be mentally damaging
Children often try to intervene to protect the adult victim, which puts them in a dangerous situationChildren can copy the violent behaviour they witness, both as children and as adults.They may develop stress-related problems in health.They can loose self- confidence, bafraid/angry, and blame themselves for what is happening or feel guilty

Globalisation in India

Globalisation in India:
As economies globalise and integrate with each other, little thought has been paid to its political fall outs or on the free movement of professionals across borders, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said Monday.
'When we talk of globalisation or on a border less world, the focus has largely been on the movement of goods, capital and, largely, financial and logistical services,' the prime minister told a seminar on globalisation here.

'There is as yet no framework for the movement of people,' he told the seminar, organised by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (Ficci) where the speakers included Nobel laureates AmartyaSen and Joseph E. Stiglitz.
According to Manmohan Singh, even in a globalised world, states do have a role to play especially in basic education, public health and medical care, even as the private sector can bring prosperity to entrepreneurs and workers.

'While economists have paid attention to economic consequences of globalisation and the management of economic globalisation, not much attention has been paid to the politics of globalisation and its political management,' he said.
'The UN could have been a political instrument of managing globalisation, but so far it has not succeeded. It will not be able to succeed unless it reforms as an institution and its own management is more democratic and more representative.'

'Globalisation must deliver on its promises to the poor and disadvantaged, most of whom live in the developing world,' said Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath, at the seminar - 'Making globalisation Work: An India Perspective'.
'In order not to discredit itself, globalisation would have to squarely address sustainable development and poverty reduction,' he said, adding global rules for trade did not appreciate the adverse impact of rapid liberalization.

He said for India this aspect was at the core of the ongoing global trade talks, coupled with the need for fair trade by substantial and effective reductions in agricultural subsidies and protection provided by the developed countries.

Social Work for Mankind

"Social work for Mankind" is a new Website which has provided lots of knowledge to the students, who wants to gain more information about the society & who are in Social Sectors . It can provide idea about the Social Work and its other branches as Social Research, Social Legislation, Gender & Gender Bias, Civil Society & N.G.O Management, Tribal Development, Family & child welfare, Community Development and other branches of Society. Hope, the MSW students & who are working in the Social sector will get some more information from this site.

Budgeting for Financial Planning

Budget is a complete financial forecast based on available data, about the financial condition of the agency during the coming year.Budgeting is a subject matter which is a core part of financial planning in the programme activities of a project. It guide the agency member about the manner of spending money on various schemes and heads of account. It is a basis means of controlling the programmes as well as the funds.

Principles of Budgeting:

A budget should always give a comparative statement of income raised and expenditure incurred during the previous years.
The budget should relate to a particular period of 12 months, by fiscal or calender year. Each agency follows a different year for the purposes of preparation of its budget and complication of accounts. Mostly in the year April or December.
The budget should should always be realistic, accurate and consrevative.
The cost of fund raising should be minimum
Income & expenditure side should always be balanced by showing deficit or surplus.
The budget should also provide for the additional amount necessary for giving increments or for new appointment.

Purpose of the Budgeting:

To assess the financial requirement of an agency
Starting a fund-raising campaign
Requesting various grant giving bodies for financial assistance
To indicate the lines on which money raised or received will be spent
To guide the staff of the agency about the manner of spending money on various schemes and heads of account

Method of Budgeting:

Average of income/expenditure during the last three years
Actual income/expenditure during the last year budgeted income/expenditure during the last year
proposed income/expenditure during the previous year
proposed income/expenditure for the next year

Dowry prohibition Act to reduce dowry System in India

Short Title
This Act is called as Dowry prohibition Act-1961.
Extension
This Act should extent to the whole of India except Jammu & Kashmir.

Definition of Dowry

In this Act, Dowry means any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly.

By one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage
By the parents of either party to a marriage or by an other person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person
It shall come into force on such date as the central Gov.t may, by notification in the official, appoint.

Section 2
Any demand or Dowry made before, at or after marriage, where such demand is made as a consideration for marriage would attract provisions of section 2 of the act- marriage would include a proposed marriage
Also voluntary presents given at or before or after the marriage to the bride or bride-groom, of a traditional nature which has given of love, affection or regard – Not to fall within mischief of expression “dowry” punishable under the act of 1996(3) crimes 35(SC).

Section-3
Section 3rd of the Dowry prohibition act relating to the offences of giving or taking of dowry is beeing amended in accordance with the recommendation of the joint committee to make the punishment for the offence more stringent.

Section-4
Section 4 of the act relating to penalty for demanding dowry is proposed to be amended to make the punishment thereunder more stringent on the lines recommended by the joint committee
Offence under the dowry prohibition act and under section, 406, IPC. Whether can stand together on the same set on facts.

Stridhan
The present given to a Hindu women at the time of marriage from part of her stridhan. Husband is only the trustee of the articles and can’t use them to the detriment of his wife without her concent.

Penalty for giving & taking dowry
If any person, after the commencement of this act, gives or takes or abets the giving or taking of dowry, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years & with fine which shall not be less then fifteen thousand rupees or the amount of the amount of the value of such dowry, whichever is more.

Dowry prohibition officer
To see the provisions of this act are complied with
To prevent, as far as possible, the taking or abetting or the demanding of dowry

1. Probation Offender Act-1958

2. Short Title:
The children Act, 1908, released some of the offenders, considering their self satisfiedbehaviour. A jail committee report, during 1919 & 1920 was instituted. Government prepared a draft on probation offenders Bill during 1931. The central Government also directed the provincial authority to follow the probation offenders bill during 1934. In Independent India Probation Offender Act came into being in 16th,May,1958.

3. Extention:
This Act extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

4. Probation:
Probation is a non-punitive method for dealing with the offenders. It is a method in which we deal with the offenders as individuals & provide them opportunity for changing their habits & attitude. According to this Act, after thorough observation of a prisoner about his conduct, good or bad/satisfactory or not, their cases are discuss in a relax manner. Due to their good behaviour he/she will be release for a specific period & the office in charge take care of that prisoner.

5. Development of Probation:
As a legal system, it was first developed in the USA in 1849. In England John Haward& Elizabeth Fry helped to the development of probation system. Again in 1891, in act was passed, which provided for the appointment of probation officers.

6. Section 3:
When a person is found guilty of having committed an offence punishable under section 379 or 380 or 381 or 404 or 420 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 or any offence with imprisonment up to two years or with fine or with both & no previous conviction is proved against the offender, the court having regard to the circumstances of the case including the nature of the offence & the character of the offender may release him after due admonition.

7. Section 4:
When any person is found guilty of having committed an offence not punishable with death or life imprisonment the court having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the nature of the offence & the character of the offender may direct for the release by entering into a bond with or without sureties to appear & receive sentence when called upon during such period, not exceeding three years as the court may direct & in the meantime to keep peace & good behaviour.

8. Section-5:
When a court orders for the release of an offenders under section 3 or 4 of this Act, it shall direct the offender to pay-
Compensation as the court thinks fit for the court loss or injury caused to any person by that offence
Such cost of the processing as the court think fit
The amount ordered to be paid under sub-section above be recovered as a fine as per section above be recovered as a fine per section 386 & 387 of 1898.

9. Section 6:
When any person under 21 years of age found guilt of having committed an offence punishable with imprisonment, but not life imprisonment. Th court shall not sentence him unless it is satisfied that having regard to the circumstances of the case including the nature of the offence & character of the offender.

10. Section 9:
The offender so arrested or appeared may be remanded to police custody or may be released on bail to appear for the hearing as the court may fix. After hearing, if the court is satisfied that the offender has failed to observe any of the conditions of the bond, it may sentence him for the original offence.

11.

The Immoral Trafficking (Prevention)Act-1956

Background:
In 1950, the Government of India ratified an international convention for the suppression of Immoral Trafficking in persons and the exploitation of the prostitutions. Legislation on the subject of suppression of Immoral Trafficking are now widely followed by the member nations including India.

Short Title:
This Act may be called as Immoral Trafficking(prevention)Act, 1956.

Extension:
It extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu& Kashmir.

Definition:
“Brothel” includes any house, room or place or any portion of any house, room or place, which is used for purposes of sexual exploitation or abuse for the gain of another person or for the mutual gain of two or more prostitutes.

Punishment for keeping a Brothel:
Any person who keeps or manage, or acts or assists in the keeping or management of a brothel shall be punishable on first conviction with rigorous imprisonment for a term of not less than one year and not more than three years and also fine as two thousand rupees.

Punishment for living on the earnings of prostitution:
Any person over the age of eighteen years who knowingly lives, wholly or in part, on the earnings of the prostitution of any other person shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term of two years, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.

Detaining a person in premises where prostitution is carried on:
In any Brothel or any premises with intent that such person may have sexual intercourse with a person who is not the spouse of such person shall be punishable for not less than seven years, which may extend to ten years with liable fine.

Prostitution in the vicinity of public places:
Any person who carries on prostitution and the person with whom such prostitution is carried on, should be within a distance of two hundred meters of any place of public religious worship, educational institution, hostel, hospital, nursing home or such other public place other wise she/he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months.

Special Police Officer and advisory body:
The State Government appointed special police officer for such area to be specified by the state government for dealing with offences under this Act in that particular area.

Policy on Agriculture

The Orissa Government declare a new agriculture policy. "The draft has been prepared and placed a new plan." The chief aim of the proposed policy is to increase farmer's earning and achieve four percent growth in the agriculture sector in the state by 2011-2012. There have a plan to increase of production of food grains like paddy, wheat, maize, ragi, millets, cereals and pulses. The Government aims to produce around Five lakh quintals of certified paddy seeds by raising seed villages in each Block. It has also decided to set up seed processing plants in each district by 2009-2010.

Types of Cooperatives

Marketing Cooperatives
Processing Cooperatives
Cooperative sugar mills
Dairy cooperatives
Fertilizer cooperatives
Industrial Cooperatives

Marketing Cooperatives

The need for the Marketing was realized in view of the growing malpractices prevailing in buying and selling of agricultural produce. The producers were not getting the due share of their agricultural produce. The producers were not getting the due share of their agricultural produce. The producers were not getting the due share of their agricultural produce. The producers were not getting the due share of their agricultural produce. The producers were not getting the due share of their agricultural produce. They were forced to sell their produce on through away prices. So as to protect Farmers, marketing cooperatives emerged after the enactment of Cooperative Societies Act 1912.

Processing Cooperatives:

In order to reduce the number of middlemen and to obtain a greater return on the agricultural produce, processing of crops by Marketing Cooperatives was felt to be necessary. This resulted in the emergence of processing Cooperatives, such as those, (For paddy processing, ginning and cotton baling, rice mills and those for pulses and gradually the operation was extended to fruits and vegetables, cashew, rubber and cocoa.

Cooperative Sugar Mills:

The 2nd five year plan also included a programme for starting cooperative sugar factories. In the middle of 1958, licenses under the industries Act 1951 were granted to 38 cooperative sugar factories. By 2002, the number of cooperative sugar factories had increased to 381 of which 137 were in Maharashtra. The Cooperative sector contributes nearly 59% of the total sugar produce in the country.

Dairy Cooperatives:

Dairy in India is closely interwoven with Agriculture and plays an important role in the rural economy. Besides having vast employment potential, dairy provides not only milk, but also stabilizes farm incomes. Small farmers and landless Laborers account for 53% of the animals and 51% of milk production. With the declaration of the National Policy on Dairying in 1956, the growth and development of dairy cooperatives received a major boost.

Fertilizer Cooperatives:

With the growing population and the increasing demand for food grains, pressure continued on farmers to grow more. So as to increase productivity, farmers were required to ensure adequate and quality inputs at reasonable prices.

Industrial cooperatives:

The 2nd five year plan recognised the need for developing village and small scale industries on cooperative basis as far back as the 1950s. The Industrial cooperatives have a three-tier structure, availability of raw materials and marketing due to competition and Modernization.

Cooperation and Cooperatives

The word cooperation has been many meanings, but in general discourse it means working, living and thinking together. In our existing socio-economic context, however, we need to define it somewhat differently - " Cooperation is a form of organization wherein persons voluntarily associate with each other as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of mutual economic interests."

Definition:
According to the International cooperative alliance, "A cooperative is an association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural need."

Principles of Cooperation:

Voluntary and open membership
democratic member control
member's economic participation
Autonomy and Independent
Education, training and information
cooperation among cooperatives
Concern for Community

Types of Cooperatives:

Marketing Cooperatives
Processing Cooperatives
Cooperative sugar mills
Dairy Cooperatives
Fertilizer Cooperatives
Industrial Cooperatives

The Consumer Protection Act 1986

Meaning of Consumer
Consumer Protection Act is meant for ordinary consumers. It help consumers to get their rights, quality goods in affordable price without any delay.

Any person who

buys any goods for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid & partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment & user of such goods.
get services for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid & partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment & includes & beneficiaries of such services.

Extent
The Consumer Protection Act extends to all parts except Jammu & Kashmir.

Consumer protection Act 1986
This Act provides for better protection of interest of Consumers & for that purpose to make provision for establishment of consumer councils & other authorities for the settlement of consumer councils & other authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes & for matters concerned with the Consumer rights.

This Act has been passed to protect the interest of Consumers. This Act shall apply to tall goods & services.

The Central Consumer Protection Council
The Central Government by notification, has established the provision for Consumer Protection Council referred to us as the Central Council.

The following members are the Office bearer of the Central Consumer Protection Council

The Minister in charge of Consumer Protection Officer of the Centre, who shall be its chairman
Such numbers of other official or non-official members representing such interest as may be prescribed by the Council
Procedure for the meeting of the Central Council
The Central Council shall meet as & where necessary, but at least one meeting of the council shall be held in every year
The Central Council shall meet at such time & place as the Chairman may think fit & shall observe such procedure on regards to the transaction of this business as per the requirement.

The State Consumer Protection Council
The State Government by notification set-up the probhision of State Consumer Protection Council. The State Council is consisting of the Minister in charge of Consumer affairs of the State who should be the Chairman.

The District Consumer Protection Council
The State has provision for establishing Consumer Protection Council at the District level by the Government Gazetted Notification, which is known as DCPC. The District Collector of the District must be the Chairman.

Objective of the Central/State/District Protection Council
The objective of the Central Council shall be

to promote & protect the rights of the Consumers
to be protected against the marketing of the goods & services which are hazardous to life & property.
to be inform about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard & price of goods for services as the case may be so as to protect the consumer against unfair trained practices.
to be assured wherever possible, access to a varieties of goods, services at comparative prices
to be heared& to be assured the consumers interest will received due consideration in appropriate forum
to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or respective trade practice
to get Consumer Education

The Rural Consumers
The poor, marginalized and the consumers from rural areas, who are the largest group of consumers (estimated at over 700 Million out of the 1 Billion population of the Country).

Shambhu kadlikoppa

ಬುಧವಾರ, ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 27, 2013

Social Work

The Concept of Drug Abuse

The Immoral Trafficking (Prevention)Act-1956

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